빈칸추론 20

실전 모의고사 01

Located deep inside the brain are two small almond-shaped structures called the amygdalae that are crucial for eliciting fear. In one test, researchers studied a 44-year-old woman called S.M. with Urbach-Wiethe disease, a rare genetic condition in which the amygdalae are damaged. The researchers showed her horror films and terrifying things such as large spiders and snakes. Yet, she only showed minimal levels of fear. Another experiment, though, showed surprising results. Because a high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood — a possible sign of suffocation — tends to trigger fear and panic attacks, the researchers asked S.M., two other patients with Urbach-Wiethe disease, and 12 healthy control patients to inhale a 35% carbon dioxide gas mixture through a mask to find out if the amygdalae are also responsible for eliciting this kind of fear. Surprisingly, the brain-damaged patients became even more afraid than the healthy subjects did. What these findings clearly show is that the brain contains distinct mechanisms for creating fear.

State-organized capitalism can be defined as a system in which public political power is used to regulate economic markets. This is largely done in order to manage crises in the interest of capital. Meanwhile, the state derives its political legitimacy from its claims that it promotes equality and solidarity across social divisions. However, these ideals are interpreted economically, with these social divisions being viewed mainly through the perspective of class. Under state-organized capitalism, then, social questions are mostly framed in terms of distribution, as issues concerning the fair allocation of goods, income, and jobs. Therefore, unfair economic distribution, expressed through class inequality, is seen as the quintessential social injustice. But as a result of this class-centric view, other forms and sites of injustice are marginalized, if not totally obscured.

Among the greatest discoveries of ancient Greek civilization was nature itself, or rather the idea of nature as the universe without human beings and their culture. Although this distinction seems obvious to us today, no other civilization had imagined nature in such a way. One account of how the Greeks came up with this idea points to their division between the external, objective world and the internal, subjective one. Because of their tradition of debate, the Greeks had a clearer understanding of subjectivity than other civilizations. Debate does not make sense unless you believe that you understand some state of affairs better than your opponent does. And such a belief must then give rise to the acknowledgement of some objective reality against which each point of view can be measured. So, in effect, it is from subjectivity that objectivity emerges.

As law professor David Mellinkof once said, “The law is a profession of words.” So, in the English legal system of the Middle Ages, which could draw upon a copious amount of words from Latin, French, and English, how would one choose between synonymous terms? In many cases, the solution was to use both words together. This practice in the legal profession resulted in the creation of many unique phrases in Middle English. For example, “goods,” which was derived from Old English, and “chattels,” which was derived from Old French, were merged into the Middle English legalese term “goods and chattels.” Such phrases were frequently used in order to avoid any ambiguity that might be caused by slightly distinct meanings. Some of the pairings, though, seem to have arisen from a simple desire for style and rhythmic appeal. But regardless of why they first appeared, these lexical doublets became a prominent feature of legal writing in Middle English, and many have survived into the present day.

실전 모의고사 02

According to legend, the ancient Greek poet Simonides was once invited to a banquet to recite poetry. After he finished, a servant told Simonides that two young riders had come to see him. When he went outside, no one was there, but the roof of the banquet hall collapsed behind him, crushing everyone inside. Such stories are rather common in ancient Greek literature; what’s more interesting is what happened next. The bodies of the dead were so mangled that even their families couldn’t identify them. But Simonides could visualize the banquet hall in his mind exactly as it had been and remember the sequence how each guest had been sitting. As he identified the dead, he realized that the key to the art of memory is the use of visual images in an ordered arrangement. That’s because concrete images are easier to recall than abstract ideas, and sequences can be remembered more accurately than random groups.

Imagine a cowboy shooting his pistol randomly at a barn. If he then paints a bull’s-eye over the area with the most holes, it seems like he is a great shooter. This idea that there is a connection between the holes and the bull’s-eye is known as the Texas-sharpshooter fallacy. It describes a situation in which artificial order is placed upon random events. A real life example of this is a Swedish study that tried to determine the effects of power lines on health. In this study, researchers looked for increases in the rates of over 800 different ailments in individuals living near power lines over a 25-year period, eventually finding that childhood leukemia rates were four times higher than the national average. It triggered Swedish government to take some actions. But the problem was that, with over 800 potential ailments in the study, there was a high probability that, simply by chance, at least one would appear at a higher rate. The researchers were thrusting a causal link upon simple chance.

Just about every productive member of society has some form of specialized employment. So in order for everyone to satisfy his or her needs, individuals have to be able to exchange the surpluses they produce, and it is money that facilitates these exchanges. As an example of this process, imagine a lawyer buying a package of tea. In exchange for her services, her company has paid her a certain salary. When she uses a portion of this salary to purchase the tea, it seems like a simple transaction. But in fact, the money obscures what is really happening. The tea was grown in Sri Lanka and transported on a British ship piloted by Indian sailors to the United States, where it was then auctioned in New York to a wholesaler who sold it to a retailer who finally sold it to the lawyer. The use of money hides the relationship between the lawyer and the hundreds of individuals in specialized occupations whose services were necessary to provide the tea.

The emotions of man are stirred more quickly than his intelligence. So the majority of people try to remedy the evils of the world with their sympathy and sentiment. For example, most people would try to solve the problem of poverty by keeping the poor alive and sometimes amused. This, however, is not a solution to poverty; it in fact aggravates the problem. In order to properly tackle the problem of poverty, man’s aim should be to reconstruct society in such a way that poverty would be an impossibility. Unfortunately, though, man’s altruism has prevented this goal from being achieved. Just as the worst slave-owners were those who were kind to their slaves, and so prevented the horrible system from being overturned, so in our own time the people who try to do the most good in fact do the most harm.

실전 모의고사 03

Universal literacy was supposed to help cultivate democratic society; it was supposed to empower individuals to think for themselves, thus making them fit to rule themselves. In many cases, though, it has resulted in man becoming an easier subject to be ruled. Universal literacy has allowed people to be constantly exposed to advertising slogans, tabloid gossip, and the platitudes of history, but these do not encourage original thought. All the millions of individuals that make up a society are targets of this same information, which is all too often simply reproduced for others upon reception. When such information is disseminated in order to exert influence over the public, usually for political, religious or commercial reasons, it is known as propaganda. As a tool of manipulation, propaganda takes advantage of universal literacy to actually take away man’s ability to think for himself.

While it is perfectly possible for an individual to be both a brilliant philosopher and a great writer, such a combination is not always easy to find. That is because writing is itself a craft that can only be developed through rigorous practice. Philosophers who can lucidly articulate their ideas in their writing don’t just communicate with other philosophers and university students. They also convey their ideas to men of letters, politicians and eminent persons from various circles — those who directly influence the ideas of the public. These people are drawn to philosophy that is both compelling and easily assimilated. In other words, popular philosophies prevail not by being profound, but by being expressed in a vivid style and an effective form. If a philosopher doesn’t bother to make himself clearly understood, it only shows that he believes his thought to be of no more than academic value.

Many people are uncertain about whether it is beneficial for individuals these days to develop feelings of empathy. This is mostly due to the assumption that empathy is not compatible with logic and rational behavior, which are regarded as more important elements for success in our rat race society. People wonder, then, how well they should treat others if they want to be successful. In truth, there needs to be no tradeoff between intellectual rigor and kindness. This is illustrated by the fact that doctors who are highly qualified can also be caring and considerate. As a matter of fact, it has been shown that actions of empathy, such as listening carefully, enable the doctor to identify and treat illnesses better. According to studies, patients actually recover from wounds quicker and require lower amounts of pain relief medication when doctors are empathetic.

Being considered an element of success, the concept of “emotional intelligence” has been gaining importance in recent years. According to surveys, a majority of leading businesses take into account some aspect of emotional intelligence in their practices of recruitment, promotion, and leadership development. Demand on Emotional Quotient(EQ) may rise as one seeks to come forth as a valuable member of the company. Skillfully managing oneself and relations with others will matter more when competitors are equally intellectual. As attention to emotional intelligence heightens, caution is necessary regarding groundless claims used to magnify the importance of EQ. One of these claims would be that 80% of business success depends on emotional intelligence. This is possibly a misinterpretation of studies. Most studies state that IQ can only explain about 20% of business success. Of course, there are numerous factors that can account for the remainder. However, many people seem to be misled into believing that the 80% gap is solely resolved by EQ.

실전 모의고사 04

The phenomenon called “brain drain” refers to the emigration of individuals with knowledge or technical skills from one country to another. This exporting of human resources is common among developing nations, where more and more people with degrees in science and technology fields are looking to move to wealthier countries in order to seek higher wages and better working conditions. Of course, there are obvious consequences for the countries that lose some of their brightest young minds. It is important to note, though, that the benefits are mutual for both of the countries involved. The host country increases economic development by filling labor gaps with additional human capital. Meanwhile, in the country of origin, the emigration of skilled individuals increases people’s desire for higher level of education. In addition, the remittances that those individuals who have emigrated often send back can be used to increase both economic development and the standard of living.

A revolutionary new type of business has been developing in which a company purchases access to your social media accounts and financial records. They then collect data about your online history and your credit and debit card transactions. Any details that could lead to personal identification are erased, and the data is analyzed for trends, which the company will then sell to advertisers. You choose whom your data is sold to, as well as the amount of data you share. But the more accounts you give the company access to, the more you will be paid. This type of business shows us how valuable our personal information is to marketers. It might sound silly to trade in this data for a small profit. But even so, you are probably already giving the same information to social media sites for free.

What are the motives behind your political stance? There are probably various reasons why any given person is liberal, moderate, or conservative. Of course, having strong ethical opinions certainly influences one’s opinions toward politics. But what about the other causes? An examination of lottery winners over time revealed one answer to this question. This study has found that, when other influences are controlled, the more money people win, the more they tend to shift their political views from left to right. Additionally, it has shown that these people agree more with the idea that wealth is generally shared fairly among members of society. The results of this long-term study suggest that wealth could be one thing that determines political choices.

“Social dumping” is a practice that involves the hiring of labor at lower wages than are usually available, either by hiring illegal migrant workers or by moving production to a foreign country. In cases where manufacturing moves overseas, many people in developed nations have argued that the developing country’s exports have an unfair price advantage. They claim that, to counter this, either these goods should be subject to duties, or the countries in which they are produced should enforce higher labor standards. Some economists have argued that each country should specialize in what it can produce competitively. Developing countries usually specialize in manufacturing goods, a process which requires cheap and abundant labor. In other economic sectors, on the other hand, developed countries can benefit from their high productivity which is based on their advanced technology and highly skilled human resources. Therefore, each nation should focus on what it does best and trade for whatever it does not produce.

실전 모의고사 05

Unlike natural history, which is based purely on observations, modern ecology is mostly based on the testing of hypotheses, either in the field or via computer models. These experiments often reveal general patterns that are then accepted as norms. It is important to note, though, that ecology is a historical discipline and that both regularities and irregularities drive history. In fact, in a world with only norms, there would be no history. Moreover, what we usually refer to as history is that which occurs when norms are disrupted. Unfortunately, the current neglect of contingent and anecdotal findings is making it more difficult for us to understand ecological history. We need to acknowledge norms, but we also need to note seemingly irrelevant things that, in a non-linear system like ecology, might in fact become catalysts for change and, thus, the true drivers of ecological history.

Hope provides human beings with a sense of vigor. The reason we work from day to day is because we believe that our willful effort is what brings us to meet our individual purposes. Nonetheless, we are often betrayed by our own hopes. The tragedy of the Trojans who disregarded Cassandra’s prediction of Troy’s downfall tells us a similar story. If her prophecy had been considered, the effort to carry out appropriate measures against the impending catastrophe would have been trivial compared to the destructive loss as a result of the euphoric and ignorant optimism. Nowadays, researchers in various fields related to environmental science continue to play Cassandra’s role. Accumulated studies in this area warn us of the devastation we are to suffer from. It will not be easy to withdraw from our “current ways” and proceed to “sustainability.” Though it may be costly and indefinite, this certainly is a wiser choice than carrying on with the present course.

We are constantly told of dwindling natural resources and how we ought to conserve them before they disappear. Is this fear really logical? To begin with, it is impossible to prove that something does not exist. We can never say we have run out of something without checking every centimeter of the planet. Apart from this unrealistic method, basic economic theory does not support the notion of the disappearance of a resource. When the supply of a resource is near exhaustion, the price of those last remnants is likely to go sky high, and manufacturers would not be able to turn a profit on any products made from them. Consequently, manufacturers would find or invent substitutes to replace the initial resource, even if they are not of the same quality. This means that you can never consume everything because when the price gets high you stop using it.

The culture of any modern society is no longer a tool to be used to either reform or serve that society. Simply put, it is a part of “liquid” life, which constantly goes through self-denial and self-generation. The formation of the idea of culture was originally meant to educate people, to get them to change for the better by helping them learn about provoking and creative new ideas. But our modern liquid culture has lost its role of being a rod for enlightenment. These days, culture is more likely to seduce than enlighten people. It creates new desires that result in existing needs being permanently unfulfilled. Modern culture is just like a department store of overflowing and constantly changing goods in that it no longer satisfies our thoughts and curiosities, but generates desires and wishes that can never be matched with reality.

DMU Timestamp: July 21, 2017 14:53