Understanding Advanced Placement
Author: Pete Bavis, Beth Arey and Dale Leibforth
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2 ADVANCED PLACEMENT:
3 An Open Invitation
4 Evanston Township High School is making sure that advanced placement classes reflect the rich diversity of its student body.
5 Pete Bavis, Beth Arey, and Dale Leibforth
6 At a Saturday event at Evanston Township High School, prospective advanced placement (AP) students explore their academic horizons. The students start out timidly but gain enthusiasm as they build balloon towers together, masking tape in
7 hand. When time runs out, teams reflect on the task, reinforcing the similarities between constructing a tower with balloons and
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10 Many students spoke about the challenge of being the only student of color in their AP class.
11 tape and being an AP student. By the end of the event, students have connected with others who share their hopes for the future, and they’ve gained new insight about the commitment and resilience it will take to succeed in AP courses. After all, we’re a team.
12 How did we get here?
13 Not too long ago, our high school, located just north of Chicago, had a typical highly selective advanced placement program. The program was steeped in tradition; Evanston Township was one of seven high schools selected as a beta site for AP courses in 1952. To enroll, students had to have the
14 prerequisite grades, and ‘‘ some AP courses were by invitation only. The result? Although the percentage
15 of AP students who suc-ceeded was high, partici-pation and diversity in AP courses were low. The makeup of these courses did not match the school’s diverse student population, which was 30 percent black, 16 percent Latino, 43 percent white, and
16 11 percent other eth-nicities.
17 Today, advanced placement enrollments and success rates at Evanston Township High School have risen dramatically. But even more important, the diversity of those classes has increased, adding new richness to the class experience. The following numbers show the progress made from 2011 to 2014:
18 n The number of advanced placement exams taken increased from 1,551 to 2,086.
19 n The total number of AP students increased from 681 to 888.
20 n The percentage of black 11th and 12th graders enrolled in AP courses rose from 29 to 38 percent. n The percentage of Latino 11th and 12th graders
21 enrolled in AP courses rose from 28 to 51 percent. n The percentage of all Evanston Township stu-dents who took at least one AP course by graduation
22 rose from 65 to 73 percent.
23 n The increase in enrollment was accompanied
24 by an increase in success. The number of AP exam scores of 3 or higher (enough to earn college credit) rose from 1,008 (65 percent of exams) to 1,480 (71 percent).
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26 n In 2014, we had more scores of 3 or higher on AP exams (1,480) than we had total exams adminis-tered in 2010 (1,384).
27 Our teachers deserve much of the credit for these accomplishments, but it’s important to consider three other factors that have contributed to the success of our AP program: school board policy, restructuring of 9th grade core classes, and student mobilization.
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28 Set the Direction |
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29 In 2011, our board of edu- |
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30 cation adopted an equity |
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31 and excellence statement |
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32 to guide the district’s work: |
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33 “Embracing its diversity, |
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34 Evanston Township High |
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35 ‘‘ |
36 School dedicates itself to |
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37 educating all students to |
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38 their fullest potential.” |
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39 Central to this statement |
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40 is the dual focus on raising |
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41 achievement for all stu- |
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42 dents and eliminating racial |
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43 achievement gaps. The |
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44 board also established that two of the measures to determine progress would be AP enrollment and success on AP exams. Having a guiding principle articulated by the school board has been essential in expanding our advanced placement program.
45 To get started, we created the Increasing Awareness, Access, and Success in Advanced Placement Committee with broad representation of faculty, staff, and administration. The committee’s goals are to increase the number of black and Latino students enrolled in AP courses and to help ensure their success in those courses.
46 College-readiness research provides a compelling argument for expanding advanced placement enrollment opportunities for all students. In fact, there is an emerging consensus in the scholarly lit-erature that even attempting an AP class increases a student’s academic trajectory (Bowen, Chingos, & McPherson 2009; Jackson, 2010; Keng & Dodd,
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49 Current AP students at Evanston Township High School participate in a panel discussion, encouraging their peers to follow the same path.
50 ‘‘Ifound myself supported and understood by my friends in teamASAP and decided to follow through
51 with what I had signed up‘‘for.
52 2007). For example, research shows that students achieving an AP exam score of 2 (which means “possibly qualified” and is not high enough to earn college credit) are likely to have better college per-formance and higher four-year college graduation rates than are students who did not take an AP course (Hargrove, Godin, & Dodd, 2007). Research findings like this made us even more determined to expand AP enrollment until all college-bound stu-dents at Evanston Township High School have com-pleted at least one AP course so that they are better prepared for college and career success.
53 Challenge Learners from the Start
54 The board of education also approved restructuring the freshman year, linking AP skills in history, English, and biology to high expectations in a real and sustainable way. We stopped tracking 9th graders into honors and regular-level sections. Instead, we created diverse classrooms with high expectations for all students and adopted an earned honors credit model.
55 All students in these classes have a rigorous, honors-level curriculum. Throughout the semester, all students take a series of assessments aligned to AP skills, which account for 20 percent of their grade. To receive honors credits for the semester, students must earn 80 percent of the earned honors credit points on these assessments and earn a C or
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56 PHOTO COURTESY OF JADA MARRIOTT |
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58 better in the course. Because the assessments are highly challenging, not all freshmen earn honors credit. But all freshmen have the chance to try.
59 The use of rubrics that communicate high stan-dards provides students with clear expectations regarding honors-level work. Claude Steele (2010) asserts that this combination of high standards and constructive feedback reduces stereotype threat, enabling students to focus on meeting the standards instead of doubting their intellectual abilities.
60 We recognized that along with increased rigor, we needed to provide abundant supports. Therefore, we make academic support available throughout the school year. Our Academic Success Center is open before, during, and after school Monday through Friday. Students are able to receive help from their teachers Monday through Friday before school starts. Our AVID (Advancement Via Individual Determination) and STAE (Steps Toward Academic Excellence) programs also support many freshmen. In addition, Evanston Township offers an academic intervention team of trained professionals to identify and assist students who are struggling.
They have a support center for the AP courses. Such is crucial when it comes to ensuring the success of those students taking AP courses. They are given the constant support they need and have the training needed to excel in their classes.
61 Freshman year restructuring helped create a growth mind-set (Dweck, 2006) because students were given opportunities to work toward earning honors credit throughout the semester. Rather than being labeled as honors students at the start of the course, our students in 9th grade history, English,
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64 sup•por•tive
65 When there is a supportive environment, staff and students are willing to take risks to become better.
66 I have been so fortunate to be able to work with a staff who takes this to heart in every sense of the word!
67 —Heidi Kegley, principal, Delaware City Schools, Delaware, Ohio
68 and biology courses are in the process of becoming honors students through their own efforts, which mirrors our philosophy of treating all students as potential AP students.
69 Show Learners the (Path)Way
70 Early on, we met informally with diverse groups of students in the college and career center. When we engaged our students of color in casual conversa-tions about their academic experiences, common themes emerged.
71 The students said that Evanston Township High School was not doing enough to inform students of color about advanced courses and how taking these courses would affect their college and career achievement. Once students of color enrolled in AP courses, they struggled to feel they belonged in an academic culture that appeared to favor white stu-dents. Many students spoke about the challenge of being the only student of color in their AP class.
72 One of our goals, therefore, was to put enough students of color in AP classes to ameliorate stereotype threat and signal that they belonged in that space. Although restructuring the freshman year was significant, we needed a champion
73 for awareness, access, and success in advanced placement courses—someone to rally students, teachers, and parents. We needed an individual who could coach students and connect AP coursework with post-secondary success. In the end, we found a calculus teacher and a college counselor to serve in this capacity; together they helped mobilize students in developing several long-term awareness, access, and success initiatives to support current and pro-spective AP students.
74 Our first awareness initiative, the annual Pathways to AP forum, included a diverse panel of nine current AP students and sought to inform the community, 10th and 11th grade students, and their families about the importance of taking chal-lenging courses, the benefits of successfully com-
75 pleting those courses, and the supports available to help students reach their goals. The forum has since expanded to include 7th–11th graders and a breakout question-and-answer session to address students’ and families’ common concerns, such as the appropriate number of AP courses to take and how to manage course expectations.
76 After All, We’re a Team!
77 Stemming from the success of the first forum, AP students who had appeared on the panel formed teamASAP (Access and Success in Advanced Placement) to empower all students with the belief that they can successfully navigate the most chal-lenging coursework and give them the tools they needed to do so. The team is composed of past, current, and future AP students, as well as faculty and staff members. What began with nine students in 2011 is now a team of more than 250 AP stu-dents of diverse backgrounds, who play a significant role in supporting their peers. Around school, it
78 is well known that ASAP also stands for as soon as possible—which is when we plan to accomplish our goals!
79 Students involved with teamASAP share their AP experiences with faculty, staff, and administrators in monthly meetings, as part of panels, and through fishbowl activities. One of teamASAP’s black female seniors, Indyia, sees these activities as
80 a perfect breeding ground for trust. TeamASAP not only helps us, the students, but teachers as well because they get to hear our thoughts and improve based on our feedback.
81 Tanya, a Latina 12th grader, describes how teamASAP has supported her:
82 After having almost convinced myself to quit one of my AP classes due to mental exhaustion and feelings of inadequacy, I found myself supported and understood by my friends in teamASAP and decided to follow through with what I had signed up for.
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‘‘ Evanston Township High School has transformed its‘‘ AP program to one of expanded access and success.
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85 Support Learners on the Journey |
86 have on student achievement. Forty percent of |
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87 With help from the Increasing Access and Success |
88 black students and 62 percent of Latino and Latina |
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89 in AP Committee, teamASAP has created a series |
90 students who walked across the stage at Evanston |
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91 of student-centered events to prepare, support, and |
92 Township High School graduation last year had |
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93 empower students for the successful completion of |
94 taken an advanced placement course. |
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95 advanced placement courses, leading to increased |
96 Through deliberate action of the school board, |
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97 opportunity in the future. |
98 restructuring of the curriculum, and mobilization of |
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99 Awareness and success events are held on selected |
100 students, Evanston Township High School has trans- |
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101 Saturdays throughout the year to help students |
102 formed its AP program to one of expanded access |
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103 feel more confident about deciding to enroll in |
104 and success. A student-driven network with a |
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105 AP courses. Attendees participate in icebreakers |
106 passion for creating a positive and encouraging envi- |
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107 and team tasks, and teamASAP members facilitate |
108 ronment for students of color in advanced cur- |
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109 small-group discussions about how the tasks relate |
110 riculum has been central to achieving our goals. |
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111 to being successful in AP courses. Events are stra- |
112 With increased rigor, we are serving our students in |
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113 tegically scheduled so that students can attend one |
114 new and exciting ways to help ensure a successful |
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115 before and one after choosing their AP courses. |
116 future for all—no invitation needed. |
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117 EL |
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118 We have also enhanced day-to-day supports for |
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119 students enrolled in AP classes. During structured |
120 References |
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121 morning, evening, and Saturday review sessions, |
122 Bowen, W. G., Chingos, M. M., & McPherson, M. S. |
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123 study centers and classrooms are abuzz with AP |
124 (2009). Crossing the finishing line: Completing college at |
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125 America’s public universities. Princeton, NJ: Princeton |
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126 students teaming up to study. These sessions, along |
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127 University Press. |
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128 with the use of technology for review and support, |
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129 Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of |
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130 provide students with many opportunities to engage |
131 success. New York: Random House. |
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132 with one another to deepen their understanding of |
133 Hargrove, L., Godin, D., & Dodd, B. (2007, April). College |
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134 AP concepts and material. The support students give |
135 outcomes and the AP experience: Does the AP grade “2” |
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136 matter? Paper presentation at American Educational |
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137 one another through our peer-tutoring program, in |
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138 Research Association, Chicago. |
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139 study groups, and in less formal structures plays a |
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140 Jackson, C. K. (2010). A little now for a lot later: An |
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141 significant role in creating the feeling that “we’re all |
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142 evaluation of a Texas Advanced Placement incentive |
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143 in this together.” |
144 program. Journal of Human Resources, 45(3), 591–639. |
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145 The work continues over the summer with the AP |
146 Keng, L., & Dodd, B. (2007, April). An investigation of |
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147 and College Application Summer Camp. Each three- |
148 college performance of AP and non-AP student groups. |
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149 Paper presentation at American Educational Research |
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150 hour AP summer camp course focuses on continuing |
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151 Association, Chicago. |
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152 team-building, introducing content, reviewing |
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153 Steele, C. (2010). Whistling Vivaldi: How stereotypes affect |
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154 summer assignments, and exploring resources and |
155 us and what we can do. New York: Norton. |
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156 supports. Our newest course, College Applications |
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157 101, was proposed by a student last fall to give |
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158 Pete Bavis (bavis@eths.k12.il.us) is Evanston Township |
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159 students the opportunity to fill out college applica- |
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160 tions and start their college essays, thus reducing |
161 High School assistant superintendent for curriculum |
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162 the stress they would feel if they were starting these |
163 and instruction. Follow him on Twitter @PeteBavis. |
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164 Beth Arey (areyb@eths.k12.il.us) is Evanston Township |
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165 tasks while diving into AP courses in the fall. |
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166 High School college and career coordinator. Dale |
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167 The Results Are In |
168 Leibforth (leibforthd@eths.k12.il.us) is Evanston |
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169 Township High School advanced placement recruitment |
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170 Today, we see the positive effects that high expecta- |
171 and retention manager. Follow him on Twitter @ |
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172 tions, a sense of belonging, and a growth mind-set |
173 DaleLeibforth. |
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174 40E d u c a t i o n a l L e a d e r s h i p / S u m m e r 2 0 1 5
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