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Groundhog

 

 

 

 

The groundhog ( Marmota monax ), also known as a woodchuck , is a rodent of the family Sciuridae, belonging to the group of large ground squirrels known as marmots. [2] It was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. [3]

 

The groundhog is also referred to as a chuck , wood-shock , groundpig , whistlepig , [4][5] whistler , thickwood badger , Canada marmot , monax , moonack , weenusk , red monk [6] and, among French Canadians in eastern Canada, siffleux . [7]

 

The name "thickwood badger" was given in the Northwest to distinguish the animal from the prairie badger. Monax ( Móonack )

 

is an Algonquian name of the woodchuck, which meant "digger" (cf. Lenape monachgeu ). [8][9] Young groundhogs may be called chucklings. [10]:66

 

Other marmots, such as the yellow-bellied and hoary marmots, live in rocky and mountainous areas, but the groundhog is a It is found through much of the eastern United States across Canada and into Alaska. [11]

 

 

Contents

 

Description

 

Etymology

 

Distribution and habitat

 

Survival

 

Behavior

 

Diet

 

Burrows

 

Hibernation

 

Reproduction

 

Relationship with humans

 

References

 

Further reading

 

External links

 

 

Description

 

 

Groundhog

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

at Laval University campus, Quebec, Canada

Conservation status

 

 

 

 

 

Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) [1]

 

Scientific classification

 

Kingdom: Animalia

 

Phylum: Chordata

 

Class: Mammalia

 

Order: Rodentia

 

Family: Sciuridae

 

Genus: Marmota

 

Species: M. monax

 

Binomial name

 

Marmota monax

 

(Linnaeus, 1758)

 

Subspecies

 

M. m. monax Linnaeus, 1758

 

M. m. canadensis Erxleben, 1777

M. m. ignava Bangs, 1899

 

 

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Groundhog - Wikipedia

The groundhog is by far the largest sciurid in its geographical

M. m. rufescens A. H. Howell,

range, excepting British Columbia where

its range may abut that of

1914

its  somewhat  larger  cousin,  the  hoary  marmot.  Adults  may

in total length

measure from 41.8 to 68.5 cm (16.5 to 27.0 in)

including a tail of 9.5 to 18.7 cm (3.7 to 7.4 in). [12][13][14] Weights

of adult groundhogs, typically at least, fall between 2 and 6.3 kg

(4.4 and 13.9 lb). [14][15][16]

Male groundhogs average slightly larger than females and, like all

marmots, they are considerably heavier during autumn (when

engaged  in  autumn  hyperphagia)  than  when  emerging  from

hibernation

Adult males

average year-around weight

3.83 kg (8.4 lb), with spring to fall average weights of 3.1 to 5.07 kg

(6.8 to 11.2 lb) while females average 3.53 kg (7.8 lb), with spring

to fall averages of 3.08 to 4.8 kg (6.8 to 10.6 lb). [12][17] Seasonal

Groundhog range

weight changes indicate circannual deposition and use of fat.

Groundhogs attain progressively higher weights each year for the

Synonyms

first two or three years, after which weight plateaus. [12]

Mus monax Linnaeus, 1758

Groundhogs have four incisor teeth which grow 1.5 mm ( 1 ⁄ 16 inch)

Arctomys monax (Linnaeus, 1758)

Constant usage wears them down again by about that

much each week. [18] Unlike the incisors of many other rodents, the

incisors of groundhogs are white to ivory-white. [19][20] Unlike other sciurids, the groundhog's tail is comparably shorter—only about one-fourth of body length.

 

Etymology

 

The etymology of the name woodchuck is unrelated to wood or chucking. It stems from an Algonquian (possibly Narragansett) name for the animal, wuchak . [21] The similarity between the words has led to the popular tongue-twister:

 

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck

 

if a woodchuck could chuck wood?

 

A woodchuck would chuck all the wood he could if a woodchuck could chuck wood! [22]

 

Distribution and habitat

 

The groundhog prefers open country and the edges of woodland, and is rarely far from a burrow entrance. [23] Marmota monax It constructs dens in well-drained soil, and most have

 

Human activity has increased food access and abundance allowing M. monax to thrive. [24]

 

Survival

 

 

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Human development, which often produces openings juxtaposed with second growth trees that are incidentally also favored by groundhogs, often ensures that groundhogs in well-developed areas are nearly free of predators, beyond humans (through various forms of pest control or roadkills) or mid-to-large sized dogs. [25]

 

Wild predators of adult groundhogs in most of eastern North America include coyotes, badgers [26] , bobcats and foxes (largely only red fox) Many of these predators are successful stealth stalkers so can catch groundhogs by surprise before the large rodents can

 

Coyotes in

 

particular are sizable enough to overpower any groundhog, with the latter being the third most significant prey species per a statewide study in Pennsylvania. [27][28][29][30][31][32]

 

Large predators such as gray wolf and eastern cougar are basically extirpated in the east but still may hunt groundhogs on occasion in Canada. [33][34] Golden eagles can also prey on adult groundhogs but

 

seldom occurs in the range of this marmot as can reportedly great horned owls, but this owl rarely does especially given the temporal differences of its nocturnal habits. [35][36]

 

Young groundhogs (usually those less than a couple months) may also be taken by American mink, perhaps other smallish mustelids, cats, timber rattlesnakes and hawks, though red-tailed hawks can take

 

groundhogs at least of up to the size of yearling juveniles and northern goshawks can take up to perhaps weak emergent adult groundhogs in spring. [12][14][37][38][39]

 

Groundhogs, beyond their large size have several successful anti-predator behaviors, usually retreating to the safety of their burrow which most predators will not attempt to enter but will readily fight off any

 

They can also scale trees to escape a threat. [40][41]

 

Occasionally woodchucks may suffer from parasitism and a woodchuck may die from infestation or from

bacteria transmitted by vectors. [42] In areas of intensive agriculture and dairying regions of the state of Wisconsin, particularly the southern parts, the woodchuck by 1950 had been almost extirpated. [43]:124

Jackson (1961) suggested the amount of damage done by the woodchuck had been exaggerated and that excessive persecution by people substantially reduced its numbers in Wisconsin.

 

In Kentucky an estimated 267,500 M. monax were taken annually from 1964 to 1971 (Barbour and Davis 1974) [44] Woodchucks had protected status in the state of Wisconsin [45] until 2017. [46] Woodchuck numbers appear to have decreased in Illinois. [47]

 

Behavior

 

The time spent observing groundhogs by field biologists represents only a small fraction of time devoted to the field research. [48] W.J. Schoonmaker reports that groundhogs may hide when they see, smell or hear the observer. [10]:41–43 Ken Armitage, marmot researcher, states that the social biology of the

 

groundhog is poorly studied. [49] Despite their heavy-bodied appearance, groundhogs are accomplished swimmers and occasionally climb trees when escaping predators or when they want to survey their surroundings. [50] They prefer to retreat to their burrows when threatened; if the burrow is invaded, the

 

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groundhog tenaciously defends itself with its two large incisors Groundhogs are generally agonistic and territorial among their own species and may skirmish to establish dominance. [51] It is common to see one or more nearly-motionless individuals standing erect on their hind feet watching for danger.

 

When alarmed, they use a high-pitched whistle to warn the rest of the colony, hence the name "whistle-pig". [52][53] Groundhogs may

 

squeal when fighting, seriously injured, or caught by a predator. [53] Other sounds groundhogs may make are low barks and a sound produced by grinding their teeth. [53] David P. Barash wrote he witnessed only two occasions of upright play-fighting among woodchucks and that the upright posture of play-fighting involves

 

sustained physical contact between individuals and may require a degree of social tolerance virtually unknown in M. monax He said it was possible to conclude, alternatively, that upright play-fighting is part of the woodchuck's behavioral repertory but rarely shown because of physical spacing and/or low social tolerance. [54]

 

 

Diet

 

Mostly herbivorous, groundhogs eat primarily wild grasses and other vegetation, including berries and agricultural crops, when available. [51] Some additional foods include sheep sorrel, timothy-grass, buttercup, tearthumb, agrimony, red and black raspberries, mulberries, buckwheat, plantain, wild lettuce, all varieties of clover, and alfalfa. [55] Groundhogs also occasionally eat grubs, grasshoppers, insects, snails and other small animals, but are not as omnivorous as many other Sciuridae.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Clover is a preferred food source for groundhogs

 

Groundhogs will occasionally eat baby birds they come upon by accident. [56] An adult groundhog can eat more than a pound of vegetation daily. [57] In early June, woodchucks' metabolism slows, and while their food intake decreases, their weight increases by as much as 100% as they produce fat deposits to sustain them during hibernation and late winter. [58] Instead of storing food, groundhogs stuff themselves to

 

survive the winter without eating. [59] Thought not to drink water, groundhogs are reported to obtain needed liquids from the juices of food-plants, aided by their sprinkling with rain or dew. [60][61][62]

 

Burrows

 

Groundhogs are excellent burrowers, using burrows for sleeping, rearing young, and hibernating. The amount of

 

The average weight of the earth taken from all eleven dens was 384 pounds. [63] Though groundhogs are the most solitary of the

 

Burrows can pose a serious threat to agricultural and residential development by damaging farm machinery and even undermining building foundations. [52] In a June 7, 2009 Humane Society of the United States article,

 

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"How to Humanely Chuck a Woodchuck Out of Your Yard", John Griffin, director of Humane Wildlife Services, stated you would have to have a lot of woodchucks working over a lot of years to create tunnel systems that would pose any risk to a structure.

 

Excluding side galleries, Schoonmaker reports the longest was twenty-four feet, and the average length of eleven dens was fourteen feet. [64] The longest, including side galleries, was forty-seven feet, eleven and one half inches. [65] Numbers of burrows per individual groundhog decreases with urbanization. [66][67]

 

Some of these holes were only a few feet deep and never occupied but the numerous burrows gave the impression that groundhogs live in communities. [68]

 

Hibernation

 

Groundhogs are one of the few species that enter into true hibernation, This burrow is usually in a wooded or brushy area and is dug below the frost line In most areas, groundhogs hibernate from October to March or April, but in more temperate areas, they may

 

hibernate as little as three months. [69] Groundhogs hibernate longer in northern latitudes than southern latitudes. [70][71] To survive the winter, they are at their maximum weight shortly before entering

hibernation. [72] When the groundhog enters hibernation, there is a drop in body temperature to as low as 35 degrees Fahrenheit, heart rate falls to 4–10 beats per minute and breathing rate falls to one breath

 

every six minutes. [73] During hibernation, they experience periods of torpor and arousal. [74] Hibernating woodchucks lose as much as half their body weight by February. [75] They emerge from hibernation with

some remaining body fat to live on until the warmer spring weather produces abundant plant materials for food. [72] Males emerge from hibernation before females. [76][77] Groundhogs are mostly diurnal, and

are often active early in the morning or late afternoon. [78]

 

Reproduction

 

Usually groundhogs breed The

 

breeding season A mated pair remains in the same den throughout the 31- to 32-day [79] gestation period. As birth of the young approaches in

 

One litter is produced annually, usually containing two to six

 

At this time, if at all, the father groundhog comes back to the family. [80]:316

 

By the end of August, the family breaks up; or at least, the larger number scatter, to burrow on their own. [81]

 

Relationship with humans

 

 

 

 

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They will eat many commonly grown vegetables, and their burrows can destroy farm ponds and undermine foundations.

 

The groundhog is

 

also a valuable game animal and is considered a difficult sport when Two baby groundhogs hunted in a fair manner. [82] In some parts of the U.S., they have

 

been eaten. [83]

 

A report in 1883 by the New Hampshire Legislative Woodchuck Committee humorously describes the groundhog's objectionable character: [84]

 

It burrows beneath the soil, and then chuckles to see a mowing machine, man and all, slump into one of these holes and disappear....

 

 

The committee concludes that "a small bounty will prove of incalculable good; at all events, even as an experiment, it is certainly worth trying; therefore your committee would respectfully recommend that the accompanying bill be passed." [85]

 

Doug Schwartz, a zookeeper and groundhog trainer at the Staten Island Zoo, has been quoted as saying "They’re known for

 

His natural impulse is to kill ’em all and let God You have to work to produce the sweet and cuddly." [86] Groundhogs cared for in wildlife

 

rehabilitation that survive but cannot be returned to the wild may remain with their caregivers and become educational ambassadors. [87][88][89]

 

In the United States and Canada, the yearly February 2 Groundhog Day The most popularly known of these groundhogs are Punxsutawney Phil, Wiarton Willie, Jimmy the Groundhog, Dunkirk Dave, and Staten Island Chuck kept as part of Groundhog Day festivities in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania; Wiarton, Ontario; Sun Prairie, Wisconsin; Dunkirk, New York; and Staten Island The 1993 comedy film Groundhog Day Famous Southern groundhogs include General Beauregard Lee, based at the Dauset Trails Nature Center outside Atlanta, Georgia. [90]

 

 

 

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Groundhogs are used in medical research on hepatitis B -induced liver cancer. The only other animal model for hepatitis B virus studies is the chimpanzee, an endangered species. [91] Woodchucks are also used in biomedical research investigating metabolic function, obesity, energy balance, the endocrine system, reproduction, neurology, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and neoplastic disease. [92] Researching the hibernation patterns of groundhogs may lead to benefits for humans, including lowering of the heart rate in complicated surgical procedures. [93]

 

Groundhog burrows have revealed at least two archaeological sites, the Ufferman Site in the U.S. state of Ohio [94] and Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania. Archaeologists have never excavated the Ufferman Site, but the activities of local groundhogs have revealed numerous artifacts. They favor the loose soil of the esker at the site lies, and their burrow digging has brought many objects to the surface: human and animal bones, pottery, and bits of stone. [94] Woodchuck remains were found in the Indian mounds at Aztalan, Jefferson County, Wisconsin. [95]

 

Robert Frost's poem "A Drumlin Woodchuck" uses the imagery of a groundhog dug into a small ridge as a metaphor for his emotional reticence. [96]

 

References

 

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3. Linné, Carl von (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae (https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/p age/726959) . 1 p. 60 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
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5. Seton, Ernest Thompson Lives of Game Animals, Volume IV, p. 300

 

6. Seton, Ernest Thompson, Lives of Game Animals, Volume IV, p. 300

 

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8. "Algonkian Words in American English: A Study in the Contact of the White Man and the Indian". The Journal of American Folklore . 15 (59): 240–267. doi : 10.2307/533199 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F533199) . JSTOR 533199 (https://www.jstor.org/stabl e/533199) .

 

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25. Lehrer, E. W., Schooley, R. L., & Whittington, J. K. (2011). Survival and antipredator behavior of woodchucks (Marmota monax) along an urban–agricultural gradient Canadian Journal of Zoology, 90(1), 12-21.
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47. Groundhog-Illinois DNR, OutdoorIllinois, July 2008, "The Creature That Keeps Digging", Kari Thornton, p.20

 

48. Barash, David (1989) Marmots, Social Behavior and Biology Preface p. xv. ISBN 0804715343 .

 

49. Special feature "The Study of Groundhogs: A Real Life Look at Marmots", Movie "Groundhog Day" 15th Anniversary Edition.

 

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62. Seton, Ernest Thompson, Lives of Game Animals , Volume IV, p. 308

 

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69. Woodchucks in Rhode Island (http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/fishwild/pdf/woodchuc.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070412090734/http://www.dem.ri.gov/programs/bnatres/fish wild/pdf/woodchuc.pdf) 2007-04-12 at the Wayback Machine (PDF) dem.ri.gov. Retrieved on 2011- 09-15.

 

70. 1, pp. 135–141, Stam M. Zervanos, Christine R. Maher, Jerry A. Waldvogel and Gregory L. Florant
71. bctv.org, February 01, 2010, PSU-Berks professor sheds light on groundhog's shadowy behavior [3] (http://www.bctv.org/citizen_reports/psu-berks-professor-sheds-light-on-groundhog-s-shadowy-behav ior/article_db3a26d8-0f41-11df-9415-001cc4c03286.html)
72. Woodchucks in Rhode Island, dem.ri.gov

 

73. Woodchuck (Marmota monax) UWSP [4] (https://www.uwsp.edu/biology/VertebrateCollection/Pages/ Vertebrates/Mammals%20of%20Wisconsin/Marmota%20monax/Marmota%20monax.aspx)
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75. Groundhog Day facts and factoids, Cornell Chronicle, February 1, 1996

 

76. Mammalian Species, Issue 591, 04 December 1998, Marmota monax, Gary G. Kwiecinski p. 3, [5] (h ttps://doi/10.2307/3504364)

 

77. Schoonmaker, W.J. (1966) The World of the Woodchuck p.50

 

78. Woodchuck (http://web.extension.illinois.edu/wildlife/directory_show.cfm?species=woodchuck) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140421064626/http://web.extension.illinois.edu/wildlife/direc tory_show.cfm?species=woodchuck) 2014-04-21 at the Wayback Machine , Illinois University
79. Marmota monax (https://web.archive.org/web/20100619014532/http://www.ncwildlife.or g//Wildlife_Species_Con/Profiles/woodchuck.pdf) North Caroline Wildlife.
80. Seton, Ernest Thompson, Lives of Game Animals, Volume IV. Doubleday, Doran & Company.

 

81. Seton, Ernest Thompson, Lives of Game Animals, Volume IV, p. 318

 

82. Schoonmaker, W.J., The World of the Woodchuck, 1966, pp. 129–131

 

83. Castro, Everett J. (January 1984). "Celebrate Groundhog Day With Groundhog Recipes" (https://ww w.motherearthnews.com/real-food/groundhog-day-groundhog-recipes) . Mother Earth News .
84. Seton, Ernest Thompson, Lives of Game Animals, p. 328

 

85. Schoonmaker, W.J., The World of the Woodchuck, 1966, p. 133

 

86. Newman, Andy (2007-12-01). "Grooming a Weatherman for his TV Debut, and Hoping He Doesn't Bite The Host" (https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/12/nyregion/12groundhog.html?_r=1) . The New York Times .
87. The Buffalo News, "Sean Kirst: For Dunkirk Dave's caretaker, every day is Groundhog Day", February 1, 2018, [6] (http://buffalonews.com/2018/02/01/sean-kirst-for-dunkirk-daves-devoted-caret aker-every-day-is-groundhog-day/)
88. The Winchester Star, Christopher Early, "Library holds Groundhog Day celebration", p. 1A, February 6, 2017

 

89. Winchester Star, Centerpiece, "Local groundhog predicts 6 more weeks of winter", February 2, 2018, Cathy Kuehner
90.  

 

 

 

 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog 10/11

7/29/2020 Groundhog - Wikipedia

 

90. Elder, Lane (February 2, 2020). "Groundhog Day is steeped in tradition but isn't the most accurate, according to weather almanacs" (https://www.ajc.com/news/groundhog-meteorologists-predict-weath er-feb/CsWxLI8SQjAcF6Y79ooGpJ/) . The Atlanta Journal-Constitution Retrieved April 11, 2020.
91. Segelken, Roger Cornell (February 1, 1966) "At Cornell, groundhog is harbinger of health". CornellChronicle Cornell University, [7] (http://news.cornell.edu/stories/1996/02/cornell-groundhog-h arbinger-health)
92. "Marmota monax (woodchuck)" (https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Marmota_monax/) . Animal Diversity Web .

 

93. Penn State News, (January 29, 2009) "Professor studies groundhog hibernation to benefit mankind"

 

94. (1999). Dictionary of Ohio Historic Places 1. St. Clair Shores : Somerset, p. 328.

 

95. Mammals of Wisconsin, 1961, p. 124

 

96. Oehlschlaeger, Fritz (December 1982). "Two Woodchucks, or Frost and Thoreau on the Art of the Burrow" (https://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=3046&c ontext=cq) . Colby Quarterly . 18 Retrieved 1 April 2019.

 

Further reading

 

Bezuidenhout, A. J. (Abraham Johannes) and Evans, Howard E. (Howard Edward). Anatomy of the woodchuck (Marmota monax). Lawrence, KS: American Society of Mammalogists, 2005.

 

Online at doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61270 (https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.612 70)

 

External links

 

Woodchuck (https://web.archive.org/web/20130224021837/http://www.hww.ca/en/species/mammals/ woodchuck.html), Hinterland Who's Who

 

Woodchuck (Groundhog) (https://web.archive.org/web/20120311131559/http://mdc.mo.gov/discover- nature/field-guide/woodchuck-groundhog), Missouri Conservation Commission

 

[8] (https://grants2.nih.gov/grants/guide/rfa-files/RFA-NIH-NIAID-DMID-93-010.html) Breeding and Experimental Facility for Woodchucks

 

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundhog 11/11