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Notes
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Records of Buckinghamshire, Volume 3, BPC Letterpress, 1870, p. 68.
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Rynn Berry, "A History of the Raw-Food Movement in the United States," in Brenda Davis and Vesanto Melina (eds.), Becoming Raw: The Essential Guide to Raw Vegan Diets, Book Publishing Company, 2010, p. 9ff.
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James D. Hart, "Alcott, Amos Bronson," in The Oxford Companion to American Literature, Oxford University Press, 1995, p. 14.
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Also see Richard Francis, Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia, Yale University Press, 2010.
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"Vegan Diets Become More Popular, More Mainstream", Associated Press/CBS News, 5 January 2011: "Ethical vegans have a moral aversion to harming animals for human consumption ... though the term often is used to describe people who follow the diet, not the larger philosophy."
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Gary Francione and Robert Garner, The Animal Rights Debate: Abolition Or Regulation? Columbia University Press, 2010, p. 62: "Although veganism may represent a matter of diet or lifestyle for some, ethical veganism is a profound moral and political commitment to abolition on the individual level and extends not only to matters of food but also to the wearing or using of animal products. Ethical veganism is the personal rejection of the commodity status of nonhuman animals ..."
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"Veganism", Vegetarian Times, January 1989: "Webster's dictionary provides a most dry and limiting definition of the word 'vegan': 'one that consumes no animal food or dairy products.' This description explains dietary veganism, but so-called ethical vegans – and they are the majority – carry the philosophy further."
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Matthew Cole, "Veganism," in Margaret Puskar-Pasewicz (ed.), Cultural Encyclopedia of Vegetarianism, ABC-Clio, 2010, p. 241.
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Michael Shapiro, "Sea Shepherd's Paul Watson: 'You don't watch whales die and hold signs and do nothing'", The Guardian, 21 September 2010.
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Donald Watson, Vegan News, No. 1, November 1944, and"Interview with Donald Watson", Vegetarians in Paradise, 11 August 2004.
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Leslie Cross, "Veganism Defined", The Vegetarian World Forum, 5(1), Spring 1951.
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Rynn Berry, "Veganism," The Oxford Companion to American Food and Drink, Oxford University Press, 2007, pp. 604–605.
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"Vegan Diets Become More Popular, More Mainstream", Associated Press, 5 January 2011.
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Nijjar, Raman. "From pro athletes to CEOs and doughnut cravers, the rise of the vegan diet", CBC News, 4 June 2011.
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Winston J. Craig, "Health effects of vegan diets", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(5), May 2009, pp. 1627S–1633S (review article): "Vegan diets are usually higher in dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamins C and E, iron, and phytochemicals, and they tend to be lower in calories, saturated fat and cholesterol, long-chain n–3 (omega-3) fatty acids, vitamin D, calcium, zinc, and vitamin B-12. ... A vegan diet appears to be useful for increasing the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and for minimizing the intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases."
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Note that several sources use the word vegetarian to refer to an entirely plant-based diet:
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Claus Leitzmann, "Vegetarian diets: what are the advantages?" , Forum of Nutrition, 57, 2005, pp. 147–156 (review article): "A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that wholesome vegetarian diets offer distinct advantages compared to diets containing meat and other foods of animal origin. The benefits arise from lower intakes of saturated fat, cholesterol and animal protein as well as higher intakes of complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, magnesium, folic acid, vitamin C and E, carotenoids and other phytochemicals. ... In most cases, vegetarian diets are beneficial in the prevention and treatment of certain diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, renal disease and dementia, as well as diverticular disease, gallstones and rheumatoid arthritis."
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Winston J. Craig, "Health effects of vegan diets", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(5), May 2009, pp. 1627S–1633S (review): "Vegans tend to be thinner, have lower serum cholesterol, and lower blood pressure, reducing their risk of heart disease ... A vegan diet appears to be useful for increasing the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and for minimizing the intake of dietary factors implicated in several chronic diseases."
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J. Sabaté, "The contribution of vegetarian diets to health and disease: a paradigm shift?" , American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78(3 Suppl), September 2003, pp. 502S–507S (review): "Diets largely based on plant foods, such as well-balanced vegetarian diets, could best prevent nutrient deficiencies as well as diet-related chronic diseases."
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M. Nestle, "Animal v. plant foods in human diets and health: is the historical record unequivocal?" , Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 58(2), May 1999, pp. 211–218 (review): "This shift has led to increasing scientific consensus that eating more plant foods but fewer animal foods would best promote health. This consensus is based on research relating dietary factors to chronic disease risks, and to observations of exceptionally low chronic disease rates among people consuming vegetarian, Mediterranean and Asian diets. ... Most evidence suggests that a shift to largely plant-based diets would reduce chronic disease risks among industrialized and rapidly-industrializing populations."
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Timothy J. Key, Paul N. Appleby, and M. S. Rosell, "Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets", Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 65(1), February 2006, pp. 35–41 (review).
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A. Ströhle et al, "Vegetarian nutrition: Preventive potential and possible risks. Part 1: Plant foods", Wien Klin Wochenschr, 118(19–20), October 2006, pp. 580–593 (review).
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L. Van Horn et al, "The evidence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease", Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(2), February 2008, pp. 287–331 (systematic review).
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"Building healthy eating patterns", Dietary Guidelines for Americans, United States Department of Agriculture, 2010, p. 45: "In prospective studies of adults, compared to non-vegetarian eating patterns, vegetarian-style eating patterns have been associated with improved health outcomes – lower levels of obesity, a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, and lower total mortality. Several clinical trials have documented that vegetarian eating patterns lower blood pressure.
"On average, vegetarians consume a lower proportion of calories from fat (in particular, saturated fatty acids); fewer overall calories; and more fiber, potassium, and vitamin C than do non-vegetarians. In general, vegetarians have a lower body mass index. These characteristics and other lifestyle factors associated with a vegetarian diet may contribute to the positive health outcomes that have been identified among vegetarians."
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"Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: vegetarian diets", Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 64(2), Summer 2003, pp. 62–81 (also available here): "Well-planned vegan and other types of vegetarian diets are appropriate for all stages of the life-cycle including during pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood, and adolescence."
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J. Winston Craig and Reed Mangels, "Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets", Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 109(7), July 2009, pp. 1266–1282.
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"Dietary Guidelines for Australia", National Health and Medical Research Council, p. 13.
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"Government recognises vegan diet as viable option for all Australians", MND Australia, 12 July 2013.
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R. Pawlak, et al. "How prevalent is vitamin B(12) deficiency among vegetarians?" , Nutrition Reviews, 71(2), February 2013, pp. 110–117 (review article): "The main finding of this review is that vegetarians develop B12 depletion or deficiency regardless of demographic characteristics, place of residency, age, or type of vegetarian diet. Vegetarians should thus take preventive measures to ensure adequate intake of this vitamin, including regular consumption of supplements containing B12."
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Mangels, Messina, and Messina, 2011, pp. 181–192.
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Reed Mangels, "Vitamin B12 in the Vegan Diet", Vegetarian Resource Group, accessed 17 December 2012: "Vitamin B12 is needed for cell division and blood formation. Neither plants nor animals make vitamin B12. Bacteria are responsible for producing vitamin B12. Animals get their vitamin B12 from eating foods contaminated with vitamin B12 and then the animal becomes a source of vitamin B12. Plant foods do not contain vitamin B12 except when they are contaminated by microorganisms or have vitamin B12 added to them. Thus, vegans need to look to fortified foods or supplements to get vitamin B12 in their diet."
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"Vitamin B12", Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, accessed 17 December 2012.
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Jack Norris, "Vitamin B12: Are you getting it?" , Vegan Outreach, 26 July 2006: "Contrary to the many rumors, there are no reliable, unfortified plant sources of vitamin B12 ... [There is an] overwhelming consensus in the mainstream nutrition community, as well as among vegan health professionals, that vitamin B12 fortified foods or supplements are necessary for the optimal health of vegans, and even vegetarians in many cases. Luckily, vitamin B12 is made by bacteria such that it does not need to be obtained from animal products."
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Victor Herbert. "Vitamin B12: plant sources, requirements and assay", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48(3), September 1988, pp. 852–858.
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Fanny Kemble, Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1839, pp. 197–198: "The sight and smell of raw meat are especially odious to me, and I have often thought that if I had had to be my own cook, I should inevitably become a vegetarian, probably, indeed, return entirely to my green and salad days."
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Also see John Davis, "The earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian'", and "Extracts from some journals 1842–48 – the earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian'", International Vegetarian Union, accessed 17 December 2012.
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Rod Preece, Sins of the Flesh: A History of Ethical Vegetarian Thought, University of British Columbia Press, 2008, pp. 12–13: Another early use ofvegetarian is the April 1842 edition of The Healthian, a journal published by Alcott House: "Tell a healthy vegetarian that his diet is very uncongenial to the wants of his nature."
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"Under Examination," The Dietetic Reformer and Vegetarian Messenger, Vol XI, 1884, p. 237: "There are two kinds of Vegetarians – an extreme sect, who eat no animal food whatever; and a less extreme sect, who do not object to eggs, milk, or fish ... The Vegetarian Society ... belongs to the more moderate division."
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Karen Iacobbo and Michael Iacobbo, Vegetarians and Vegans in America Today, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, p. 142.
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John Davis, World Veganism, International Vegetarian Union, 2012, p. 32.
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Julia Twigg, "The Vegetarian Movement in England: 1847–1981", PhD thesis, London School of Economics, 1981.
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"History of the Vegetarian Society", Vegetarian Society, accessed 7 February 2011.
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John Davis, "The Origins of the "Vegetarians", International Vegetarian Union", 28 July 2011.
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Mahatma Gandhi, "The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism", speech to the Vegetarian Society, London, 20 November 1931: "I feel especially honoured to find on my right, Mr. Henry Salt. It was Mr. Salt's book 'A Plea for Vegetarianism’, which showed me why apart from a hereditary habit, and apart from my adherence to a vow administered to me by my mother, it was right to be a vegetarian. He showed me why it was a moral duty incumbent on vegetarians not to live upon fellow-animals. It is, therefore, a matter of additional pleasure to me that I find Mr. Salt in our midst."
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"History of Vegetarianism: The Origin of Some Words", International Vegetarian Union, 6 April 2010: "... as early as 1851 there was an article in the Vegetarian Society magazine (copies still exist) about alternatives to leather for making shoes, there was even a report of someone patenting a new material. So there was always another group who were not just 'strict vegetarians' but also avoided using animal products for clothing or other purposes – naturally they wanted their own 'word' too, but they had a long wait."
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Henry Stephens Salt, A Plea for Vegetarianism and other essays, The Vegetarian Society, 1886, p. 7.
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Also see Salt, "The Humanities of Diet," in Kerry S. Walters and Lisa Portmess (eds.), Ethical Vegetarianism: from Pythagoras to Peter Singer, State University of New York Press, 1999, p. 115ff, an extract from Salt's The Logic of Vegetarianism (1899).
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For Salt being the first modern animal rights advocate, see Angus Taylor, Animals and Ethics, Broadview Press, 2003, p. 62.
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Leah Leneman, "No Animal Food: The Road to Veganism in Britain, 1909–1944",Society and Animals, 7(3), 1999 (pp. 219–228), p. 220.
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Rupert Wheldon, No Animal Food, Health Culture Co, New York-Passaic, New Jersey, 1910, pp. 11–12.
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Leneman 1999, pp. 219–220, 222.
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C.P. Newcombe, the editor of TVMHR, the journal of the society's Manchester branch, started a debate about it in 1912 on the letters page, to which 24 vegetarians responded. He summarized their views: "The defence of the use of eggs and milk by vegetarians, so far as it has been offered here, is not satisfactory. The only true way is to live on cereals, pulse, fruit, nuts and vegetables."
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Leneman 1999, p. 221.
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Mahatma Gandhi, "The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism", speech to the Vegetarian Society, London, 20 November 1931, pp. 11–14.
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Leneman 1999, pp. 222–223. Cross wrote that to produce milk for human consumption the cow has to be separated from her calves soon after their birth: "in order to produce a dairy cow, heart-rending cruelty, and not merely exploitation, is a necessity."
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Donald Watson, "The Early History of the Vegan Movement," The Vegan, Winter 1965, pp. 5–7.
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"Interview with Donald Watson", Vegetarians in Paradise, 11 August 2004.
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Stepaniak 2000(a))p. 5.
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Leslie Cross, "Veganism Defined", The Vegetarian World Forum, 5(1), Spring 1951: "In a vegan world the creatures would be reintegrated within the balance and sanity of nature as she is in herself. A great and historic wrong, whose effect upon the course of evolution must have been stupendous, would be righted. The idea that his fellow creatures might be used by man for self-interested purposes would be so alien to human thought as to be almost unthinkable. In this light, veganism is not so much welfare as liberation, for the creatures and for the mind and heart of man; not so much an effort to make the present relationship bearable, as an uncompromising recognition that because it is in the main one of master and slave, it has to be abolished before something better and finer can be built."
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The Vegan Society wrote in 1979 that the word veganism "denotes a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude – as far as is possible and practical – all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives ..." See "Memorandum of Association of the Vegan Society", Vegan Society, 20 November 1979.
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Harry Maher, "The Milk of Human Kindness", interview with Arthur Ling, Vegan Views, 37, Autumn 1986.
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"C Arthur Ling, 1919–2005", Plamil Foods.
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"The Plantmilk Society," The Vegan, X(3), Winter 1956, pp. 14–16.
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Stepaniak 2000(a), p. 3.
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"World Vegan Day", Vegan Society, accessed 13 August 2009.
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For Nimmo, see Linda Austin and Norm Hammond, Oceano, Arcadia Publishing, 2010, p. 39.
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For Nimmo's vegan society, see Freya Dinshah, "Vegan, More than a Dream", American Vegan, Summer 2010, p. 31; for Nimmo having been a vegan since 1931, see Stepaniak 2000(a), pp. 6–7.
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Stepaniak 2000(a), pp. 6–7; "American Vegan Society: History", American Vegan Society, accessed 17 December 2012.
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Meat Atlas, Henrich Boll Foundation and Friends of the Earth Europe, 2014, p. 57.
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Mona Chalabi, "Meat atlas shows Latin America has become a soybean empire", The Guardian, 9 January 2014.
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For Ornish, Campbell, Esselstyn and Barnard informally discussing veganism and health, see Kathy Freston,Veganist: Lose Weight, Get Healthy, Change the World, Weinstein Publishing, 2011:
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Dean Ornish on weight loss and reversing heart disease, p. 21ff.
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T. Colin Campbell on cancer, heart disease and diabetes, p. 41ff.
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Caldwell Esselstyn on heart disease, p. 57ff.
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Neal D. Barnard on diabetes, p. 73ff.
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Also see:
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Soren Ventegodt and Joav Merrick, "The Nobel Prize in Medicine should go to Dean Ornish", British Medical Journal, 29 December 2010.
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C. B. Trapp and Neal D. Barnard, "Usefulness of vegetarian and vegan diets for treating type 2 diabetes", Current Diabetes Reports, 10(2), April 2010.
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Roger Segelken, "China Study II: Switch to Western diet may bring Western-type diseases", Cornell Chronicle, 28 June 2001.
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"China-Cornell-Oxford Project On Nutrition, Environment and Health at Cornell University", Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, archived December 2002.
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T. Colin Campbell, B. Parpia, and J. Chen, "Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: the Cornell China study", American Journal of Cardiology, 82(10B), November 1998, pp. 18T-21T.
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T. Colin Campbell, et al. "Medically supervised water-only fasting in the treatment of borderline hypertension", Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 8(5), October 2002, pp. 643–650.
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Neal D. Barnard, et al. "Vegetarian and vegan diets in type 2 diabetes management", Nutrition Reviews, 67(5), May 2009, pp. 255–263.
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Dean Ornish, S. E. Brown, and L. W. Scherwitz, et al. "Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial", The Lancet, 336(8708), July 1990, pp. 129–133.
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Dean Ornish, et al. "Effects of a vegetarian diet and selected yoga techniques in the treatment of coronary heart disease," Clinical Research, 27, 1979.
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Caldwell Esselstyn, "Updating a 12-year experience with arrest and reversal therapy for coronary heart disease (an overdue requiem for palliative cardiology)", American Journal of Cardiology, 84(3), August 1999, pp. 339–341.
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J. McDougall, et al. "Effects of a Very Low-Fat, Vegan Diet in Subjects with Rheumatoid Arthritis", Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 8(1), February 2002, pp. 71–75.
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Sanjay Gupta, "Gupta: Becoming heart attack proof", CNN, 25 August 2011.
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"Vegan diets becoming more popular, more mainstream", Associated Press, 6 January 2011.
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Jannequin Bennett and Carl Lewis, Very Vegetarian, Thomas Nelson Inc, 2001, pp. vii–ix.
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Amanda Holpuch, "Al Gore follows Bill Clinton's lead with apparent turn to veganism", The Guardian, 26 November 2013.
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Joel Stein, "The Rise of the Power Vegans", Bloomberg Businessweek, 4 November 2010.
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"Bill Clinton Explains Why He Became a Vegan", AARP Magazine, August/September 2013, p. 3 (Clinton became a vegan, then started eating fish).
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Susie Mesure, "Veganism 2.0: Let them eat kale", The Independent, 8 December 2013.
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"European Parliament legislative resolution of 16 June 2010", European Parliament: "The term 'vegan' shall not be applied to foods that are, or are made from or with the aid of, animals or animal products, including products from living animals."
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Antonia Molloy, "No meat, no dairy, no problem: is 2014 the year vegans become mainstream?" , The Independent, 31 December 2013.
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Valraven, Michael. "Vegetarian butchers make a killing", Radio Netherlands Worldwide, 14 September 2011.
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The Vegetarian Butcher, accessed 18 January 2012.
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"Europe's first vegan supermarket opens in Dortmund", Deutsche Welle, 3 October 2011.
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Amy Guttman, "Meat-Drenched Oktoberfest Warms To Vegans", National Public Radio, 4 October 2013.
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Mark Damian Duda and Kira C. Young, "Americans' attitudes toward animal rights, animal welfare, and the use of animals," 1996 (cited in Damian and Young, "American Attitudes Toward Scientific Wildlife Management ...", Effective Public Relations and Communications, p. 10.
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Duda and Young also cited in Barbara McDonald, "Once You Know Something, You Can't Not Know It: An Empirical Look at Becoming Vegan", Animals and Society, 8(1), 2000, p. 3.
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For 2006, see Charles Stahler, "How many adults are vegetarian?" , Vegetarian Journal, 25, 2006, pp. 14–15.
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For 2008, see "Vegetarianism in America", Vegetarian Times, 2008.
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For 2009, see "Vegan diets becoming more popular, more mainstream", Associated Press, 6 January 2011.
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For one in 150, see Robin Banerji, "Vegan dating: Finding love without meat or dairy", BBC News, 15 August 2012.
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For 2012, see "In U.S., 5% Consider Themselves Vegetarians. Even smaller 2% say they are vegans", Gallup, 26 July 2012.
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"Donald Watson", The Times, 8 December 2005.
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Martin Hickman, "An ethical diet: The joy of being vegan", The Independent, 15 March 2006.
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"Would you describe yourself as a vegetarian or vegan?" , Survey of Public Attitudes and Behaviours toward the Environment, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, 2007, table 210, question F7, p. 481: 81 respondents out of 3,618 said they were vegans.
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Anna-Louise Taylor, "Rise of the 'semi-vegetarians'", BBC News, 25 August 2012.
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"Wat is veganisme?" , Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme, accessed 16 December 2012.
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Francione and Garner 2010, p. 257.
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Francione and Garner 2010, p. 62.
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"Criteria for Vegan food", and "Trademark Standards", Vegan Society, accessed 17 December 2012.
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Also see "What is Vegan?" , American Vegan Society, accessed 17 December 2012: "Vegans exclude flesh, fish, fowl, dairy products (animal milk, butter, cheese, yogurt, etc.), eggs, honey, animal gelatin, and all other foods of animal origin. Veganism also excludes animal products such as leather, wool, fur, and silk in clothing, upholstery, etc. Vegans usually make efforts to avoid the less-than-obvious animal oils, secretions, etc., in many products such as soaps, cosmetics, toiletries, household goods and other common commodities."
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"Animal ingredients and products", Vegan Peace, accessed 17 December 2012.
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D. L. Meeker, Essential Rendering: All About The Animal By-Products Industry, National Renderers Association, 2006.
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Also see "Vegan FAQs", Vegan Outreach, accessed 17 December 2012.
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Stepaniak 2000(a), pp. 20, 115–118, 154; see p. 116 for the environmental damage associated with petroleum-based products.
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"Egg Production & Welfare", Vegetarian Society, accessed 17 December 2012.
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"Dairy Cows & Welfare", Vegetarian Society, accessed 17 December 2012.
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Erik Marcus, Veganism: The New Ethics of Eating, McBooks Press, 2000, pp. 128–129.
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"Goats", Vegetarian Society, accessed 17 January 2013.
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Daniel Engber, "The Great Vegan Honey Debate: Is honey the dairy of the insect world?" , Slate, 30 July 2008.
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"Honey: Ain't so sweet for the bees", Vegan Society, accessed 16 December 2012.
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"What is Vegan?" , American Vegan Society, accessed 16 December 2012.
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"Is honey vegan?" , Vegan Action, accessed 16 December 2012.
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"What about honey and silk?" and"What about insects killed by pesticides or during harvest?" , Vegan Outreach, accessed 16 December 2012.
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Chloe Coscarelli, Chloe's Kitchen, Simon and Schuster, 2012, p. 9.
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^ Jump up to:a b c
Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, pp. 256–257: "Soy protein products typically have a protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) ... >0.9, which is similar to that of meat and milk protein. Consequently, consuming the recommended dietary allowance (RDA, 0.8 mg/kg body weight [bw]), for protein entirely in the form of soy will meet the biologic requirement for amino acids. ... Formal recognition of the high quality of soy protein came in the form of a ruling by the USDA [United States Department of Agriculture] allowing soy protein to replace 100 percent of meat protein in the Federal School Lunch Program."
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Reed Mangels, Virginia Messina and Mark Messina, The Dietitian's Guide to Vegetarian Diets, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011, p. 444.
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Monica Reinagel, Nutrition Diva's Secrets for a Healthy Diet, Macmillan 2011, pp. 20–21.
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Reed Mangels. The Everything Vegan Pregnancy Book, Adams Media, 2011, p. 174.
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Also see Russell J. Merritt and Belinda H. Jenks, "Safety of Soy-Based Infant Formulas Containing Isoflavones: The Clinical Evidence", The Journal of Nutrition, 134(5), May 1, 2004, pp. 1220–1224 (review article): "Modern soy formulas meet all nutritional requirements and safety standards of the Infant Formula Act of 1980."
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Popular plant-milk brands include Dean Foods' Silk soy milk and almond milk, Blue Diamond's Almond Breeze, Taste the Dream's Almond Dream and Rice Dream, Plamil Foods' Organic Soya and Alpro's Soya. Vegan ice-creams based on plant milk include Tofutti, Turtle Mountain's So Delicious, and Luna & Larry’s Coconut Bliss. See Miriam Krule, "Two Scoops, Hold the Dairy", Slate, 15 August 2012.
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"Milk (1 cup)", Dairy Council of California.
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"Silk Unsweetened Soy Beverage", drinksilk.ca.
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"Almond Breeze Original Unsweetened", almondbreeze.com.
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Sarah E. Mosko, "The Cheese Challenge", E/The Environmental Magazine, 22(5), Sept–Oct 2011, pp. 38–39: "After melting and taste-testing four top brands, the site veganbaking.net concluded that vegan cheddar and mozzarella shreds made primarily from tapioca or arrowroot flour combined with various oils from Daiya had both the flavor and melt-ability to stand up to their dairy counterparts."
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Coscarelli 2012, p. 4.
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For Stepaniak, see Stepaniak 2000(a), p. 188.
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Kay Stepkin, "Vegan cheese replaces lingering brie craving", Chicago Tribune, 16 January 2013.
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Coscarelli 2012, p. 12.
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Victoria Moran and Adair Moran, Main Street Vegan, Penguin 2012, p. 168.
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Katherine Goldstein, "The Most Incredible Condiment You Probably Aren't Using", Slate, 27 December 2013.
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"Plamil Egg Free Mayonnaise", plamilfoods.co.uk; "The Miso alternative to mayonnaise", misomayo.com.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 445.
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Caldwell Esselstyn, Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease: The Revolutionary, Scientifically Proven, Nutrition-Based Cure, Penguin, 2007, p. 266.
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Coscarelli 2012, p. 183.
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"Egg Replacements", People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, accessed 13 December 2012.
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"The New Four Food Groups", Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, accessed 16 January 2013.
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Marian Burros, "Eating Well; Rethink 4 Food Groups, Doctors Tell U.S.", The New York Times, 10 April 1991.
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William Neuman, "Nutrition Plate Unveiled, Replacing Food Pyramid", The New York Times, 2 June 2011.
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"Protein foods", United States Department of Agriculture.
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"The eatwell plate", National Health Service.
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"The vegetarian diet", National Health Service: "Milk and dairy products, such as cheese and yoghurt, are great sources of protein, calcium and vitamins A and B12. This food group includes milk and dairy alternatives, such as fortified soya, rice and oat drinks, which also contain calcium."
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 71; for their chapter on protein, see pp. 65–79.
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M. Krajcovicova-Kudlackova, K. Babinska, and M. Valachovicova, "Health benefits and risks of plant proteins", Bratisl Lek Listy, 106(6–7), 2005, pp. 231–234 (review article).
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, pp. 72, 78.
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Jack Norris and Virginia Messina, "Protein & Amino Acids in Common Foods", Vegan Outreach, December 2010.
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M. Messina and V. Messina, "The role of soy in vegetarian diets", Nutrients, 2(8), August 2010, pp. 855–888 (review article).
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A. Vega-Gálvez, et al. "Nutrition facts and functional potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa willd.), an ancient Andean grain: a review", Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 90(15), December 2010, pp. 2541–2547 (review article).
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L. E. James Abugoch, "Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): composition, chemistry, nutritional, and functional properties",Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, 58, 2009, pp. 1–31 (review article).
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J. Fuhrman and D. M. Ferreri, "Fueling the vegetarian (vegan) athlete", Current Sports Medicine Reports, 9(4), July–August 2010, pp. 233–241 (review article).
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 75ff.
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Also see V. R. Young and P. L. Pellett, "Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 59(5), May 1994, pp. 1203S–1212S.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 77.
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Reed Mangels, Virginia Messina, and Mark Messina, "Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)," The Dietitian's Guide to Vegetarian Diets, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011, pp. 181–192.
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Reed Mangels, "Vitamin B12 in the Vegan Diet", Vegetarian Resource Group, accessed 28 November 2012.
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Victor Herbert, "Vitamin B12: plant sources, requirements and assay", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 48(3), September 1988, pp. 852–858.
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Jack Norris and Virginia Messina, Vegan for Life, Da Capo Press, 2011, p. 34.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 188.
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Herbert 1988, p. 854, citing research by James Halsted.
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James Halsted, et al. "Serum Vitamin B12 Concentration in Dietary Deficiency", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 8(3), 1960, pp. 374–376. For information on Halsted, see Cecil J. Smith and Marian Swendseid, "James A. Halsted", The Journal of Nutrition, undated.
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Victor Herbert writes that Sheila Callender, an English haematologist, conducted an experiment in the 1950s in which she made water extracts of faeces collected from vegans who were suffering from anaemia caused by a lack of B12, and cured the B12 deficiency by feeding them the extracts; see Herbert 1988, p. 852. For information on Callender, see David Weatherall,"Sheila Callender", British Medical Journal, 329(7470), 9 October 2004, p. 860.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 179.
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For the point about hygiene, see Herbert 1988, p. 854: "[S]trict vegetarians who do not practice thorough hand washing or vegetable cleaning may be untroubled by vitamin B-12 deficiency."
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"Vitamin B12", Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, 24 June 2011.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, pp. 183–184.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, pp. 182–183.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 187.
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"Calcium", Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health.
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For details, see Catherine A. Ross, et al (eds.), "DRI Dietary Reference Intakes, Calcium, Vitamin D", Food and Nutrition Board, The National Academies Press, 2011, particularly pp. 35–74.
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For a discussion of calcium and vegan/vegetarian diets, see Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 109ff.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 110.
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P. Appleby et al, "Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford", European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61(12), February 2007, pp. 1400–1406: "In conclusion, fracture risk was similar for meat eaters, fish eaters and vegetarians in this study. The higher fracture risk among vegans appeared to be a consequence of their considerably lower mean calcium intake. Vegans, who do not consume dairy products, a major source of calcium in most diets, should ensure that they obtain adequate calcium from suitable sources such as almonds, sesame seeds, tahini (sesame paste), calcium-set tofu, calcium-fortified drinks and low-oxalate leafy green vegetables such as kale ..."
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"Calcium: Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet", National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, November 21, 2013: "In the Oxford cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, bone fracture risk was similar in meat eaters, fish eaters and vegetarians, but higher in vegans, likely due to their lower mean calcium intake."
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Also see Jack Norris, "Bones, Vitamin D, and Calcium", Vegan Outreach, 9 January 2007: "Based on research showing that vegans who consumed less than 525 mg per day of calcium had higher bone fracture rates than people who consumed more than 525 mg per day (14), vegans should make sure they get a minimum of 525 mg of calcium per day. It would be best to get 700 mg per day for adults, and at least 1,000 mg for people age 13 to 18 when bones are developing. This can most easily be satisfied for most vegans by eating high-calcium greens on a daily basis and drinking a nondairy milk that is fortified with calcium."
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L. T. Ho-Pham et al, "Effect of vegetarian diets on bone mineral density: a Bayesian meta-analysis", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90(4), October 2009, p. 943–950.
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L. T. Ho-Pham, "Veganism, bone mineral density, and body composition: a study in Buddhist nuns", Osteoporos Int, 20(12), December 2009, pp. 2087–2093.
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A. M. Smith, "Veganism and osteoporosis: a review of the current literature", International Journal of Nursing Practice, 12(5), October 2006, pp. 302–330: "The findings gathered consistently support the hypothesis that vegans do have lower bone mineral density than their non-vegan counterparts. However, the evidence regarding calcium, Vitamin D and fracture incidence is inconclusive."
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T. Colin Campbell, The China Study, Benbella Books, 2006, pp. 205–208.
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"Vitamin D", Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health.
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For vitamin D and vegan/vegetarian diets, Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, pp. 204–209.
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For vitamin D and calcium, P. J. Appleby et al, "Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford", European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61(12), February 2007.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 209.
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Ross et al (Food and Nutrition Board) 2011, p. 75.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 208.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, pp. 207–208.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 138ff, 143–144.
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For a detailed discussion, see "Iron", Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy Press, 2001, pp. 290–393.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 146.
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"Iron", Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 143.
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Davida Gypsy Breier and Reed Mangels, Vegan & Vegetarian FAQ: Answers to Your Frequently Asked Questions, Vegetarian Resource Group, 2001, p. 27.
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T. A. Sanders, "The nutritional adequacy of plant-based diets", The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 58(2), 1999, pp. 265–269.
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For information about Sanders, see "Professor Tom Sanders", King's College London.
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For the cauliflower and orange juice, see Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 142, and for the other foods, see Reed Mangels, "Iron in the Vegan Diet", The Vegetarian Resources Group.
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Mangels, Messina and Messina 2011, p. 142.
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"Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Health", Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health.
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Jack Norris, "Omega-3 Fatty Acid Recommendations for Vegetarians", Vegan Outreach, accessed 4 February 2011.
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Paul N. Appleby et al, "The Oxford Vegetarian Study: an overview", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(3 Suppl), September 1999, pp. 525S–531S; full text here.
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"Iodine", Vegan Outreach, 26 December 2006: "Iodine is needed for healthy thyroid function which regulates metabolism. Both too much and too little iodine can result in abnormal thyroid metabolism. ... Studies have shown that vegans in Europe (where salt is either not iodized or not iodized at high enough levels) who do not supplement (as well as those who oversupplement) have indications of abnormal thyroid function."
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H. J. Lightowler, G. J. Davies, and M. D. Trevan, "Iodine in the diet: perspectives for vegans", Journal of the Royal Society of Health, 116(1), February 1996, pp. 14–20.
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"Iodine", Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health.
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Craig 2009 (review).
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Craig, Winston J. "Health effects of vegan diets." The American journal of clinical nutrition 89.5 (2009): 1627S-1633S.
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For Switzerland, see Paul Walter et al, "Gesundheitliche Vor- und Nachteile einer vegetarischen Ernährung", Bundesamt für Gesundheit, 11 January 2006, p. 9 (also see index of articles):
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"Therefore, a vegan diet is not recommended for the population in general, and in particular not for children and other vulnerable groups such as pregnant women and elderly people."
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German: "Deshalb ist die veganische Ernährungsweise generell für breitere Bevölkerungskreise insbesondere für Kinder und andere Risikogruppen wie Schwangere und ältere Leute nicht zu empfehlen."
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For Germany, "Ist vegetarische Ernährung für Kinder geeignet?" , Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, accessed 1 February 2011:
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"The strict vegetarian/vegan diet is not recommended for any age group because of the risks. The DGE warns against it especially for infants, children and young people."
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German: "Die streng vegetarische/vegane Ernährung wird aufgrund ihrer Risiken für keine Altersgruppe empfohlen. Die DGE rät besonders für Säuglinge, Kinder und Jugendliche dringend davon ab."
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Timothy J. Key et al, "Mortality in vegetarians and nonvegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 70(3 Suppl), September 1999, pp. 516S-524S; full text available here: "Further categorization of diets showed that, in comparison with regular meat eaters, mortality from ischemic heart disease was 20% lower in occasional meat eaters, 34% lower in people who ate fish but not meat, 34% lower in lactoovovegetarians, and 26% lower in vegans. There were no significant differences between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in mortality from cerebrovascular disease, stomach cancer, colorectal cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, or all other causes combined."
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Timothy J. Key et al, "Mortality in British vegetarians: review and preliminary results from EPIC-Oxford", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78(3 Suppl), September 2003, pp. 533S–538S; full text here.
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Paul N. Appleby, Naomi E. Allen, and Timothy J. Key, "Diet, vegetarianism, and cataract risk", American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 93(5), 28 February 2011, pp. 1128–1135.
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M. A. O'Connor et al, "Vegetarianism in anorexia nervosa? A review of 116 consecutive cases", Medical Journal of Australia, 147(11–12), 1987, pp. 540–542 (review article): "In only four (6.3 percent) of these did meat avoidance predate the onset of their anorexia nervosa."
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Brenda Davis and Vesanto Melina, Becoming Vegan: The Complete Guide to Adopting a Healthy Plant-Based Diet, Book Publishing Company 2000, p. 224.
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"Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada: vegetarian diets", Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, Summer 2003, 64(2), pp. 62–81 (also available here).
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See American Dietetic Association, p. 754.
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Ann Reed Mangels, "Vegetarian diets in pregnancy," in Carol Jean Lammi-Keefe, Sarah C. Couch, and Elliot H. Philipson (eds.), Handbook of Nutrition and Pregnancy. Humana Press, 2008, p. 215.
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M. R. Pepper and M. M. Black, "B12 in fetal development",Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 22(6), August 2011, pp. 619–623 (review).
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Also see T. Kuhne, R. Bubl, and R. Baumgartner, "Maternal vegan diet causing a serious infantile neurological disorder due to vitamin B12 deficiency", European Journal of Pediatrics, 150(3), 1991, pp. 205–208.
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R. Weiss, Y. Fogelman and M. Bennett, "Severe vitamin B12 deficiency in an infant associated with a maternal deficiency and a strict vegetarian diet", Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, 26(4), 2004, pp. 270–271.
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American Dietetic Association, p. 753.
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Mary Frances Picciano and Michelle Kay McGuire, "Dietary supplements during pregnancy: Needs, efficacy, and safety," in Carol Jean Lammi-Keefe, Sarah C. Couch, and Elliot H. Philipson (eds.), Handbook of Nutrition and Pregnancy, Humana Press, 2008, p. 200.
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Lucia Lynn Kaiser and Lindsay Allen, "Nutrition and lifestyle for a healthy pregnancy outcome", Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(3), March 2008.
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Ann Reed Mangels and V. Messina, "Considerations in planning vegan diets: Infants" and "Considerations in planning vegan diets: Children"Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 101, June 2001.
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Ann Reed Mangels, "Pediatric Vegetarianism", in S. Edelstein and J. Sharlin (eds.) . Nutrition in the Life Cycle: An Evidence-based Approach, Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2008.
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"Vegan babies and children: a dietary guide, including pre-conception and pregnancy", British Vegan Society.
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Rob Davies, "Couple face questioning after vegan daughter suffers bone disease", The Daily Telegraph, 8 June 2008.
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"Fruit diet mother found dead", BBC News, 21 August 2003.
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Kate Moisse, "Atlanta Couple Gets Life for Starving 6-Week-Old Son", ABC News, 13 September 2011.
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Amy Joy Lanou, "Just the facts: A vegan diet is safe, healthy for infants", Houston Chronicle, 25 June 2007.
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"Trademark Standards" and Trademark search, British Vegan Society.
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"Welcome", Beauty Without Cruelty; beautywithoutcruelty.com;"Cruelty-free toiletries", Animal Aid; Honesty Cosmetics.
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Vegan products, Kiss My Face; "Happy World Vegan Day!" , Lush;"Vegan BB cream souffles", Haut Minerals.
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Sasha-wyatt Minter. "Beauty Without Cruelty- Approved Products", All4Women.co.za, 9 September 2009; "Philosophy", Esse Organic Skincare; "Accredited Cruelty-Free Vegan Companies", Choose Cruelty Free.
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Animal Ingredients A to Z. E. G. Smith Collective, 2004, 3rd edition.
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Erik Marcus, The Ultimate Vegan Guide: Compassionate Living Without Sacrifice, Vegan.com, chapter 24; also see "Animal ingredients list", PETA.
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Carol J. Adams, The Sexual Politics of Meat, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000, p. 14: "Behind every meal of meat is an absence: the death of the animal whose place the meat takes. ... The function of the absent referent is to keep our 'meat' separated from any idea that she or he was once an animal ... to keep something from being seen as having been someone."
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Tom Regan, The Case for Animal Rights, University of California Press, 1983, p. 243, 333–334, 394.
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Francione and Garner 2010, p. 62ff.
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Also see Interview with Gary Francione, vimeo, 2009, from 13:53 mins: "We all believe it's wrong to inflict unnecessary suffering and death on animals. ... So now the next question becomes "what do we mean by necessity?" Well, whatever it means, whatever abstract meaning it has, if it has any meaning whatsoever, its minimal meaning has to be that it's wrong to inflict suffering and death on animals for reasons of pleasure, amusement or convenience – because if it's all right to inflict suffering and death on animals for reasons of pleasure, amusement or convenience, then you've got a loophole that's now so large you could drive a truck through it. So if the moral notion that we all accept, if that has any meaning, then it has got to be the case that we can't inflict suffering and death on animals for reasons of pleasure, amusement or convenience. Okay. Problem is 99.9999999 percent of our animal use can only be justified by reasons of pleasure, amusement or convenience. It's gotta go."
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Erik Marcus, "Erik Marcus Debates Professor Francione on Abolition vs. Animal Welfare", Erik's Diner, 25 February 2007, from c. 2:20 mins (transcript).
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Peter Singer, Practical Ethics, Cambridge University Press, 1999, p. 50.
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Catherine Clyne, "Singer Says", Satya magazine, October 2006; Singer 1999, p. 60ff.
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Peter Singer and Jim Mason, The Way We Eat, Rodale, 2006, pp. 282–283.
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The term "Paris exemption" was coined in 2004 by Daren Firestone, a Chicago law student; see Amanda Paulson, "One woman's quest to enjoy her dinner without guilt", Christian Science Monitor, 27 October 2004, p. 2.
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Also see Francione and Garner 2010, pp. 71–72.
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Bruce Friedrich, "Personal Purity versus Effective Advocacy", PETA, 2006.
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Francione and Garner 2010, pp. 72–73.
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Henning Steinfeld et al, Livestock's Long Shadow (large pdf file). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2006, p. 3.
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"Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks: 1990–2009", United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2011.
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Livestock's Long Shadow, p. 272.
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Felicity Carus, "UN urges global move to meat and dairy-free diet", The Guardian, 2 June 2010.
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"Energy and Agriculture Top Resource Panel's Priority List for Sustainable 21st Century", United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Brussels, 2 June 2010.
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For an opposing position, Simon Fairlie, Meat: A Benign Extravagance, Chelsea Green Publishing, 2010.
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Heinz-Ulrich Neue, "Methane emission from rice fields",BioScience, 43(7), 1993, pp. 466–473.
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Tim Hirsch, "Plants revealed as methane source", BBC News, 11 January 2006.
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Christian J. Peters, Jennifer Wilkins, and Gary W. Ficka, "Testing a complete-diet model for estimating the land resource requirements of food consumption and agricultural carrying capacity: The New York State example", Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 22(2), 2008, pp. 145–153.
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Susan Lang, "Diet for small planet may be most efficient if it includes dairy and a little meat, Cornell researchers report", Cornell Chronicle, Cornell University, 4 October 2007.
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Jim Mason and Peter Singer, Animal Factories: What Agribusiness is Doing to the Family Farm, the Environment and Your Health, Harmony Books, 1990.
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S. L. Davis, "Least harm principle suggests that humans should eat beef, lamb, dairy, not a vegan diet", Proceedings of the Third Congress of the European Society for Agricultural and Food Ethics, 2001, pp. 440–450.
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S. L. Davis, "What is the Morally Relevant Difference between the Mouse and the Pig?", Proceedings of EurSafe 2000, 2nd Congress of the European Society for Agricultural and Food Ethics, 2000, pp. 107–109.
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S. L. Davies, "The Least Harm Principle May Require that Humans Consume a Diet Containing Large Herbivores, Not a Vegan Diet",Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 16(4), 2003, p. 387–394.
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Richard Corliss, "Should you be a vegetarian?" Time magazine, 2 July 2002.
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George Sedler, "Does Ethical Meat-Eating Maximize Utility?" , Social Theory and Practice, 31(4), 2005, pp. 499–511.
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Andy Lamey, "Food Fight! Davis versus Regan on the Ethics of Eating Beef", Journal of Social Philosophy, 38(2), 2009 (pp. 331–348), p. 331.
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Gaverick Matheny, "Least Harm: A Defense of Vegetarianism from Steven Davis's Omnivorous Proposal", Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 16(5), 2003, pp. 505–511.
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Lamey 2009, pp. 336, 338.
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Lamey 2009, p. 344.
Further reading
- Books (vegan diet)
- Brazier, Brendan. Thrive Foods: 200 Plant-Based Recipes for Peak Health, Da Capo Press, 2011.
- Coscarelli, Chloe. Chloe's Kitchen, Simon and Schuster, 2012.
- Hobbs, Suzanne Havala. Living Dairy-Free For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
- Jamieson, Alexandra. Living Vegan For Dummies, John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
- Jurek, Scott with Friedman, Scott. Eat and Run: My Unlikely Journey to Ultramarathon Greatness, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012.
- Mangels, Reed; Messina, Virginia; and Messina, Mark. The Dietitian's Guide to Vegetarian Diets, Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2011.
- Mangels, Reed. The Everything Vegan Pregnancy Book, Adams Media, 2011.
- Norris, Jack. Vegan for Life: Everything You Need to Know to Be Healthy and Fit on a Plant-Based Diet, Da Capo Lifelong Books, 2011.
- Schinner, Mikoyo. Artisan Vegan Cheese, Book Publishing Co., 2012.
- Stone, Gene (ed.) . Forks Over Knives: The Plant-Based Way to Health, The Experiment, 2011.
- Wasserman, Debra and Mangels, Reed (eds.) . Vegan Handbook, Vegetarian Resource Group, 2010.
- Books (general)
- Conway, Gordon. One Billion Hungry: Can We Feed the World?, Cornell University Press, 2012.
- Francis, Richard. Fruitlands: The Alcott Family and their Search for Utopia, Yale University Press, 2010.
- Rudy, Kathy. Loving Animals: Toward a New Animal Advocacy, University of Minnesota Press, 2011.
- Safran Foer, Jonathan. Eating Animals, Hamish Hamilton, 2010.
- Articles/lectures
- American Dietetic Association. "A new food guide for North American vegetarians", 2003.
- Jacobs, D.R. et al. "Food, plant food, and vegetarian diets in the US dietary guidelines: conclusions of an expert panel", The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89(5), May 2009, pp. 1549–1552 (full text).
- Mangels, Reed. "Pregnancy and the Vegan Diet", Vegetarian Resource Group, 2006.
- Parker-Pope, Tara. "How to Go Vegan",The New York Times, 14 January 2013.
- Pollan, Michael. "An Animal's Place," The New York Times Magazine, 10 November 2002.
- Reynolds, Gretchen. "Can Athletes Perform Well on a Vegan Diet?" , The New York Times, 20 June 2012.
- Steiner, Gary. "Animal, Vegetable, Miserable", The New York Times, 21 November 2009.
- Films
- Earthlings, 2005.
- Food, Inc. 2008.
- Forks over Knives, 2011.
- Speciesism: The Movie, 2012.
- Vegucated, 2011.
- Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home, 2012
- Early vegan/vegetarian texts (chronological)
- Riston, Joseph. An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty, Wilks and Taylor, 1802.
- Kingsford, Anna. The Perfect Way in Diet, Kegan Paul, Trench & Co., 1881.
- Shelley, Percy Bysshe. A Vindication of Natural Diet, F. Pitman, 1884.
- Salt, Henry Stephens. A Plea for Vegetarianism, Vegetarian Society, 1886.
- Williams, Howard. The Ethics of Diet, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., 1896.
- Wheldon, Rupert H. No Animal Food, Health Culture Co., 1910 (first known vegan cookbook).
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