GERMANY

GERMANY

1583-1668 – The Catholic regions of Germany switched to the Gregorian calendar in various months of 1583, while most of Protestant regions made the change between 1615 and 1668. (Ancestry. March April 2007 p20).

20 Jun 1732 – Johan Samuel Sturmer was born in Frankfurt on Oden Germany.

1815 – 1866 Up to 1860 Germany had formed the Holy Roman empire, it was destroyed by Napoleon, then with his defeat the German confederation of 1815 was formed. It lasted until 1866. (German politics. Peter Pulzer ©1995 US)

1831-1969 –UK General register office, foreign returns. Second world war deaths, British prisoners of war in German and Japanese camps and civilians. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p7).

1866-1918 – With the defeat of Austria by Prussia and the battle of Koniggratz in 1866, for five years the German state without Austria. German federation in 1871, the empire of 1871 which lasted 47 years until defeat in 1918 at the end of the first world war. (German politics. Peter Pulzer ©1995 US).

1871-1918 – The Bavarian WWI personnel rosters 1914-1918. Germany has been a unified country since 1871, with four kingdoms. (Practical family history. Feb 2010 p7).

1880-1980 – The historical Encyclopedia of world slavery. Junius P Robriquez ©1997 Foreign labour in Germany, illegal slave trade, smuggling of slaves.

1889 – Adolph Hitler was born in a village on the Austrian border. He lost his parents while young and worked in Vienna and Munich. In 1914 he joined the German army and fought as a corporal on the western front. (The momentous years. Priestly J Betts ©1961).

1907-1930 – Sonia Beurton was born in Berlin in 1907. Her father was Dr Robert Rene Kuczynski, a Jew from Poland and a Communist. She worked at a book shop in New York in 1929. Sonia left Germany in July 1920 went to China via Moscow. (Too secret too long. Chapman Pincher ©1984 US).

1911 – Atomic bomb spy Klaus Fuchs, son of a German Quaker preacher, was born in Russelheim near Frankfurt. (Too secret too long. Chapman Pincher ©1984 US).

1913-1941 – Hitler’s attack on Russia in 1941. German citizenship was enshrined in the Imperial citizen law of 1913. The law of descent. (German politics. Peter Pulzer. ©1995 US).

4 August 1913 – Theodore Roosevelt said, that great black tornado, finally broke over Europe. Just 37 days after the shots killing Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo. (The Economist. March April 2014).

1914 – The German spy system from within. An ex intelligence officer. London New York Hodder. Stoughton. Worldcat Database.

1914 – The holocaust. Fritz Stern, a German American historian said the conflict was the first calamity of the 20^th century, the calamity from which all the other calamities sprang. A young Charles de Gaulle, already wounded twice, grimly observed in Dec 1914, what is this conflict but a war of extermination. (The Economist. March April 2014).

1914 – The secrets of the German war office. Armgaard Karl Graves. Dr Edward Lyett Fox. New York McBride. Worldcat Database.

1914 – The capture of a 1914 German spy, Karl Lody, the first German spy to be executed in Britain during the war. Also sent parcels to British prisoners of war in German occupied areas. (Family tree. Dec 2009 p15-16).

1914-1917 – Germany world war one casualty lists, in German. (NZ society of genealogists inc. Nov-Dec 2011 p252).

1915 – The German spy, a present day. William le Queue. London G Newman ltd. Worldcat database.

22 April 1915 – Germany broke the Hague convention when it used poison gas at the second battle of Ypres on 22 April 1915 at Bolimow on the eastern front. A yellow green plume of chlorine gas blanketed French troops along four miles of trenches with catastrophic results. Over 600 lay dead, many were blinded and many more taken prisoner. Use of poison gas and suffering survivors. (The untold story of the US. Oliver Stone ©2012 US).

May 1915 – Germany sank the British ship Lusitania leaving 1,200 dead including 128 Americans. Roosevelt called for war. (The untold story of the US. Oliver Stone ©2012 US).

2 Dec 1915 – German fear of spies. The Times London UK.

3 July 1916 – German trade spies. The Times London UK.

1917 – Berlin network reformed in Mexico, ordered to forment a revolution and create a government that would invade the US. German government and Mexican government revealed in the Zimmerman telegram. (Espionage. ©1995 E Volkman).

1920s – Ties between US business, bankers and Germany. US loans by Morgan and Chase banks for the German economy of the 1920s. A cartel. (The untold story of the US. Oliver Stone ©2012 US).

8 Aug 1922 – The fire bombing of Dresden destroyed most of the civil records. The Argus newspaper reported on murders in Berlin. An Australian? (World famous unsolved crimes. Colin Wilson ©1992 UK).

1924 – The German secret service. W Nicolai. George Renwick. London S Paul Worldcat Database.

1924 – Colonel Charles Howard Ellis was born in Sydney Australia in 1895. He moved into M16 as an agent in 1924 in Berlin. (Too secret too long. C Pincher. ©1984 US).

1924 – Hitler was jailed in Landsberg jail for nine months in spring 1924. Books from National Socialists in Munich. (History Today. April 2013 UK).

1928-1932 – In the last two free elections of the Weimar Republic in 1932 the parties opposed to parliamentary government had gained an absolute majority. The Nazi party grew between 1928 and 1932 from 2.6 to 37.3%. (German politics. Peter Pulzer. ©1995 US).

1929-1932 – Dr Stresemann died in 1929 and M Briana in 1932. (The momentous years. Priestly and Betts ©1961).

1933-46 – The Social Democrats voted against special powers for Hitler in 1933. Their leader, Kurt Schumache,r survived ten years in a Nazi concentration camp, minus one arm and impaired eyesight. Military tribunal at Nuremberg in 1946, Nazi leaders were put on trial for their crimes against humanity. (German politics. Peter Pulzer. ©1995 US).

27 Feb 1933 – Berlin, political struggle between the Nazis and the Communists for control. In Germany the parliament was set on fire. Hitler came to power. (The annals of unsolved crime. EJ Epstein ©2012 US)

22 March 1933 – Nazis open Dachau concentaion camp near Munich, followed by Buchenwald near Weimer in central Germany, Sashsenhausen near Berlin in north Germany and Ravensbruck for women. (History place. Holocaust timeline).

29 Sept 1933 – Nazis banned Jews from owning land. (History place. Holocaust timeline).

24 Nov 1933 – Nazis pass a law against beggars, homeless and unemployed to be sent to concentration camps. (History place. Holocaust timeline).

1934 – Spies break through memoirs of a German secret service officer. Alexander Bauermeister. London Constable and co. Worldcat Database.

1935-36 – In Oct 1935 propaganda minister was Joseph Goebbels. At Heilbronn a memorial was dedicated in March 1936. (History Today. June 2013 UK).

1935-44 – Germany, Index of Jews whose German nationality was annulled by the Nazi regime 1935-44, in German. (NZ genealogist Sept Oct 2011).

1936 – German spy. Bernard Newman. New York Hillman Curl inc. Worldcat Database.

1936-1973 – Health care. Raymond J Devehere. 2010. Research camps Buchenwald and Auschwitz. Crude medical experiments, infected deliberately. Google books.

1938-39 – Spring 1939, German occupation of Czech. On 15 March 1939 the rest of Czech was occupied by the Third Reich. The Czech during the Porajmos (gypsy holocaust) there were 3,000 to 4,000 Roma gypsies in the Sudetenland in 1938, 4,000 in Bohemia, 8,000 in Moravia, another 8,000 in Hungary, The status of gypsies mirrored that of the Jews. (A history of the gypsies of eastern Europe and Russia. David M Crowe ©2007).

Dec 1938 – Two German physicists split the uranium atom, marking the deployment of atomic bombs possible. (The untold story of the US. Oliver Stone ©2012 US).

1939 – World War Two had broken out in Europe in 1959 Nazi Soviet pact in 1939. (The cold war. ©2005 JL Gaddis).

1939 – Dr Mengole injected gypsies with Malaria. On 25 Sept 1939 Jews were deprived of their Slovak citizenship. (A history of the gypsies from eastern Europe and Russia. David Crowe. ©2007).

1939 – Farben, which was later convicted of crimes against humanity, for operating the Buna rubber plant at Auschwitz, and supplying the Zyklon-B tablets used to kill Jews. (The untold story of the US. Oliver Stone ©2012 US).

Aug-Sept 1939 – German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop flew to Moscow to sign the Hitler Stalin non aggression treaty on 21 Aug 1939. War in Europe, German army invaded the Polish border. 1 Sept, Nazi troops and tanks went into Poland. (The assassination of Marilyn Monroe. DH Wolfe. ©1998 UK).

1940 – Secrets of German espionage. Bernard Newman. London Right books. Worldcat Database.

1940 – German secret service at work. Bernard Newman. New York McBride. Worldcat Database.

1940-41 – Gypsies 1 Sept 1940 and 1 Dec 1941 authorities shipped 290 gypsy Roma to a new labour camp at Lety and 442 to a new camp at Hodonin. On 4 Dec 1941 camps at Lety or Hodonin or to prison in Ruzyne, Padubice, Brno or Olsovec. If they were too crowded prisoners were shipped to similar facilities in Germany or Auschwitz. (A history of the gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia. David Crowe. ©2007).

5 May 1940 – New York Times article, science reporter William Laurence. Germany was extracting uranium 235 for use in a bomb. (We know now, John Lewis Gaddis ©1997 US).

16 July 1940 – Hitler signed the Fuhrer directive no 16 which authorized the invasion of England. Operation Sealion was the German codename. (Family tree. Sept 2010 UK).

Sept 1940 – Krakow, town of Oswiecim the prewar Jewish cemetery was destroyed and pillaged by the Nazis, but it was reconstructed after the war. It is abandoned and overgrown. There are no surviving Jews in Oswiecim. Before the Second World War there were 6,000 Jews. (History today. Sept 2010 UK).

1941 – During the first four months of the war with Germany in 1941, the Russian casualties and physical destruction, exceeded the American estimates, of the damage for their 200 atomic bombs in 1949, could have produced. (We know now. John Lewis Gaddis ©1997 US).

3 Sept 1941 – The first test use of Zyklon-B gas at Auschwitz. (History place. Holocaust timeline).

December 1941 – Japanese strike against pearl harbour on 7 Dec 1941, which Hitler used as an excuse to declare war on the US four days later. (The cold war. ©2005 Gaddis).

11 Dec 1941 – Days after the attack on Pearl harbour. Hitler was at the Reichstag declaring war on the US. (History Today. April 2013 UK).

1942 – Barbaric medical tests on civilians in concentration camps. Dachau and Auschwitz, experiments at Auschewitz block 10 by the Gestapo. Medical doctors tested vaccines by injecting people with diseases, men and women with drugs. Dr Bruno Weber, SS doctors Viktor Capeslwy in Berlin. (Brainwash. Dominic Streatfeild ©2006 UK).

1942-43 – In July 1942, constructing new buildings at Hodonin and on 1 August 1942 transported Hodonin and Lety concentration camps for gypsies. Between August 1942 and April 1943, 7,980 gypsies were sent to the camps at Lety and 7,329 to Hodonin. German authorities also shipped gypsies to Auschwtz. On 3 Dec 1942, 94 gypsies were sent from Lety to Auschwtz followed by 75 gypsies from Hodonin. (A history of the gypsies from eastern Europe and Russia. David M Crowe. ©2007).

1942-45 – Mark Felton. Yanagi. The secret underwater trade between Germany and Japan. Pen and sword books ltd 2005.

20 Jan 1942 – The Wannsee conference in Berlin, plans for the final solution of Jews was discussed. (A history if the gypsies from eastern Europe and Russia. David M Crowe ©2007).

1943 – Spring 1943 Hitler wanted mass extermination camps in Poland. Hungary Jews and gypsies, genocidal policies towards Hungary’s gypsies and Jews. The Hungarian gypsies had already been sent to the gypsy camps at Auschwitz and Birkenams on 16 March 1943 as part of a larger group of of Austrian Roma. (A history of the gypsies from eastern Europe and Russia. David M Crowe. ©2007).

World War Two – Romany persecution. More than 1.5 million died in the Holocaust, the only other population besides the Jews to be targeted for racial extermination. (Practical family history. Dec 2009).

1943-44 – A Porajmos, gypsy Roma were sent to Auschwtz by early spring 1943. Rudolf Hoss, the Auschwtz commander, opened a gypsy camp called Auschwtz II. By the time Hoss liquidated the gypsy Roma camp on 2 Aug 1944 about 21,000 out of 23,000 gypsy inmates had perished in Birkenams gas chambers. By august 1944 there were 4,000 gypsies left, these were sent to the gas chambers too. (A history of the gypsies from Easten Europe and Russia. David Crowe. ©2007).

29 Jan 1943 – Nazis order all gypsies arrested and sent to extermination camps. (History place. Holocaust timeline).

1944 – Hoss, gassed 2,897 gypsy Roma on 2 August 1944. Porajmos at Auschwtz II. Gypsy Roma also sent to Buchenwald death camp in cental Germany and Ravensbruck, a women’s camp in Berlin. Most of the 6,000 to 8,000 Czech gypsies who died in the Holocasust died at Auschwtz II. (A history of the gypsies from eastern Europe and Russia. David M Crowe. ©2007).

1944-45 – The main body of the ID files has been completely destroyed, and the files of its main American unit the Deputy Director of Intel at EUCOM HQ The command centre for US in Europe are “missing”. Piecing together the history of this organization is hard. ID began as a military organization in Germany. Nazi’s,1944-45 Werwolf. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

1945 – Vyacheslav Erwandoviech Kevorkov, a KGB agent in Germany and Belgium, Berlin 1945 he worked for SVAG, the Soviet military administration in Germany. Hermann Porzgen of Frankfurter, Allgemeine Zeitug correspondent had accompanied the German military attaché on a trip to the Baku oil fields. (Under cover lives. ©1998 H Womek).

1945 – Civilian casualties from starvation, disease, bombing and death camps were higher than the military, as half the globe was sucked into the industrialised war machine. (Cold war. ©1993 M Walker).

1945 - Church registers from parish’s of Germany that are now Poland have been destroyed. There is a church archive in Berlin which continued some records, for protestants only. A lot more records were destroyed in the war and are no longer available. Pre 1945 certificates from parts of Hamburg, virtually no records survived the allied combing of Dresden. (The people detective. Tom McGregor ©1996 UK).

1945-46 – On 8 May 1945 the German armies surrendered unconditionally. Municipal elections took place from Jan-May 1946 and on June elections were held for the constituents in each of the Lander. The first free elections in Germany since Hitler’s assumption of power. (German politics. Peter Pulzer. ©1995 US).

1945-46 – British SOE in Germany, getting files from the East into London. Covert removal of an entire archive. Lifting material from the Russian zone of Germany. SOE in Germany Dec 1945 and 15 Jan 1946. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich (c)2001 UK).

1945-46 – Russian troops raped at least two million German women in 1945 and 1946. Soviet occupation, the Red army, looting and physical assaults. Mass rapes. The full extent of which is only becoming known now. (We know now. John Lewis Gaddis ©1997 US).

1945-47 – By 1947 the US Joint Chief’s of Staff were using General Alfred Jodl, commander of planning staff of OKW, Hitler’s High Command. Attack against the Soviet Union, oil areas of the Soviet war machine. April 1945. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich (c)2001 UK).

1945-48 – Ancestry library edition databases. USHMM Munich Germany Displaced Jewish children at the Lilm children home 1945-48. (NZ genealogist Sept Oct 2011).

1945-61 – Between 1945 and 1961 about one sixth of all East Germans departed for the west, most through Berlin. There was no corresponding flow in the other direction. (We know now. John Lewis Gaddis ©1997 US).

13 Feb 1945 – From the night of 13 Feb until the morning of 15 Feb 1945 waves of about 1,200 British and US bombers devastated Dresden. When it ended 39,773 people were officially registered as dead. Another 20,000 were believed to have been burnt beyond recognition as corpses, who knows the number, says an inscription at Dresden cemetery. (Cold war. ©1993 M Walker).

April 1945 – Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun spent their last days in a Berlin bunker, while celebrations in San Francisco had begun. (Kennedy and Nixon. ©1996 Matthews).

May 1945 – Cold war fighting. Germany’s surrender on Luneburg Heath in May 1945. Many units marched out of the Second World War into the Cold war without breaking step. Recruited SS men and German Nazis. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

May 1945 – The cold war started in Germany where US and Soviet troops met. (Cold war. ©1993 M Walker).

May 1945 – Germanys final surrender marked the end of the war in Europe. Germany was as humanitarian disaster and a political and military vacume, which the victorious allies had to feed and fill. (Cold war. ©1993 M Walker).

7 May 1945 – Germany surrendered. Hitler and Eva Braun’s suicide in their bunker a week earlier. Soviet troops were in Germany and 100,000 German women sought medical treatment for rape. (The untold story of the US. Oliver Stone ©2012 US).

8 May 1945 – Unconditional surrender of Germany. (The momentous years. ©1961 Priestly and Betts).

4 June 1945 – Stalin met with leaders of the German Communist party (KPD). Plans for incorporating a reunified Germany within Moscow’s sphere of influence. The Soviet Union was not making friends among Germans, by allowing their army to rape women, to pillage property and transfer land to the Poles. (We know now. John Lewis Gaddis (c)1997 US).

July-Oct 1945 – In July 1945, banks and savings institutions were expropriated. In October, assets of the German state of former Nazis were confiscated. Some 20-30% of these went to the Soviet Union for reparations. (German politics. Peter Pulzer. ©1995 US).

Dec 1945 – Atrocities on trial. Historical perspectives. Patricia Herberer. Jorgen Matthus 2008. Top secret report. 90% of German medical, unethical medical experiments. Google books.

1946-47 – After an exceptionally hard winter, many Germans were near starvation. (German politics. Peter Pulzer. ©1995 US).

Feb 1946 – US Air technical Intel teams, massive archives of Germany’s Luftwaffe HQ in Berlin, documents. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

1947-56 – Germany 1948, British ID and American CIC. By the early 1950s, 1956, Nazi security chief, Gestapo officer, Klaus Barbie. Early 1947 ID and CIC, a sweep on Nazi groups “Operation Selection Board” Feb 1947. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich (c)2001 UK).

1948 – British Intel, a branch of ID was for Censorship, HQ in Herford. Three stations Hamburg, Peine and Bonn. Censorship of mail 1948 anti Communist. By 1948 US Army counter intel corps, CIC units, were using ex-Gestapo personel to investigate Communism. British ID, worked with the Americans on “Operation Apple Pie” they recruited members of the chief Reich, Secret office, Munich Gestapo. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

1948-51 – Between 1948 and 1951 the British seized quarter of a million returning German POWs, held at Friedland, its main interrogation centre. Alan Lang Brown was head of the SIS science intel unit, TCS, in Germany. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

April 1948 – Winston Churchill suggested giving Stalin the option of either abandoning Berlin and Eastern Germany, or of having his cities razed. (We know now. John Lewis Gaddis ©1997 US).

July 1948 – In July 1948 the Berlin blockade, Stalin tried to siege western sectors of the city. Located deep within the Soviet zone of Germany. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

1949 – The iron curtain ran across Europe, dividing the Communist ruled state from the rest. The cold war, Berlin was one of the key points in the struggle. The city was divided into zones. The flow of refugees from east to west was sometimes a thousand a day. (The momentous years. ©1961 Priestly and Betts).

1949-55 – Between 1949 to 1955 the American Wringer operation interrogated between 300,000 and 400,000 refugees and POWs, generating more than one million intel reports in Germany. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich (c)2001 UK).

1949-89 – It was estimated that from 1949-89, 250,000 people were jailed for political reasons, 25,000 of these died in jail. Stasi of east Germany. (Stasi files. ©2003 A Glees).

April 1949 – The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, NATO, came into existence. (We know now. John Lewis Gaddis ©1997 US).

4 April 1949 – Formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO. (German politics. Peter Pulzer ©1995 US)

4 Aug 1949 – Staff of British ID, John Bruce Locklhant to head of SIS in Germany. Russians telephone lines between Berlin and western zones. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

15 Sept 1949 – Konrad Adenauer was elected Chancellor. (German politics. Peter Pulzer.. ©1995 US).

7 Oct 1949 – East Germany GDR was established as an anti-right wing state. “peace” and socialism ruled, so did the Stasi secret police. (Stasi files. ©2003 A Glees).

1950 – Germany, ID gathered material on every aspect of life in post war Germany. This inter service organisation also hid SIS and M15 personnel, and had thousands of staff. ID began under major general John S Lethbridge and recruited many Germany. “Operation Nursery” and after “Operation Selection Board”. By 1950 ID Germany had an intel a card system called the Central Personality Index, which contained thousands of records. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

1950 – British liason officer at EUCOM in Heidelberg, agents gave him 50kg of paper a day about defectors and refugees in Germany and Austria. Travel costs to Australia were high, while some were dumped in Austrian DP camps. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

1950s – American nuclear warheads were stored in West Germany under the joint command of the American German high command. (Last days of America. ©1981 Erdman).

1950-55 – 1950s the SIS station in Berlin was the largest in the world, its 100 officers and endless support staff. Soviet HQ in Karlshorst, a suburb of East Berlin. The end of the occupation of West Germany was in May 1955. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

1950-57 – The FRG was a charter signatory of the Treaty of Rome that created the European Economic Community EEC in 1957. The NATO umbrella was created in the 1950s. In 1955 Germany became a member of NATO, with a population of eight million. A quarter more than France, Britain or Italy. (German politics. Peter Pulzer ©1995 US).

1950-65 – The 1950s were a decade of reconstruction in West Germany. Oct 1962 Der Spiegel wrote a report on NATO, Spiegel staff were arrested and charged with treason. The Auschwitz trial, the prosecution and conviction from 1963-65 of 17 former overseers and guards of Auschwitz extermination camp. (German politics. Peter Pulzer ©1995 US).

1950-68 – The free university of Berlin was founded in 1952 with US money, On 2 June 1967 a theology student, Benno Ohnesberg, was fatally wounded by police in a protest against a visit to Germany by the Shah of Iran. A student leadre, Rudi Dutschke was paralysed by an assassination attempt. April 1968, In the late 1950s rash acts of vandalism against synagogues and Jewish cemeteries. (German politics. Peter Pulzer ©1995 US).

1950-89 – The criminal law amendment act of 1969. Feb 1950 a ministry of state security Stasi was created on the Soviet model. Guards had shot to kill orders. Between 1961 and 1989 about 600 east Germans died trying to escape from the GDR. (German politics. Peter Pulzer ©1995 US).

1951 – Summer, Communist youth movement in east Berlin, Lead by Freie Deutschen Jugend, involving two million youth It cost the Soviets 20,000,000 pounds. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK)

July 1951 – The CIA arrested two Russian agents in Germany, carrying drugs. (Brainwash. Dominic Streatfeild ©2006 UK).

1953 – West Germany had nearly three times the population, about five times the industrial output, and was about twice the size of East Germany. (We know now. John Lewis Gaddis ©1997 US).

1953 – After 1953 agents were located at Weisbaden. Sigint, codenamed Operation Ostiary. Flights to map Soviet power plants and radar sites. (The hidden hand. Richard Aldrich ©2001 UK).

1953-61 – George Blake, a British KGB agent, worked for M16 and the KGB from 1953-61. He betrayed the joint British American Berlin tunnel operation.

2 Feb 1953 – Spies sentenced by German court. The Times London UK.

5 March 1953 – Stalin’s death on 5 March 1953. 120,000 East Germans left within the first four months of 1953. (We know now. John Lewis Gaddis ©1997 US).

12 March 1953 - A British Lincoln RAF plane was destroyed by Soviet fighters over the border with East Germany. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

June 1953 – The June 1953 uprising in East Germany, under the Ulbricht regime. Riots revealed the extent of the discontent these policies had. (We know now. John Lewis Gaddis ©1997 US).

1954 – West Germany signed the nuclear non proliferation treaty. That treaty was based on the assumption that the two Superpowers could control their halves of the world. 1954 pact? (Last days of America. ©1981 Erdman).

1954-58 – KGB as the MGB became known in 1954. Records by the … 21 April 1956 piecing went on until 30 Sept 1958 Berlin tunnel. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

9 Aug 1954 – West German spies arrested. The Times London UK.

1955 – Germany formally joined NATO. (Cold war. ©1993 M Walker).

1955 – The CIA and SIS began an operation to tunnel into East Berlin to tap into Soviet telephone communications. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

Feb 1955 – A joint M16 CIA team had tunnelled under the Russian sector of Berlin and placed taps on the central communications of the Soviet military command. The actual electrical taps were done by post office personnel. Both the CIA and M16 were reeling under the sheer volume of material being gathered from the tunnel. So much raw intelligence was flowing out of the east that it was swamping the resources available to transcribe and analyse it. M16 were still transcribing material seven years later when they discovered that George Blake had betrayed the tunnel to the Russians from the onset.

April 1956 – A tunnel the CIA had constructed from west Berlin, a third of a mile into east Berlin, by which the CIA had intercepted Soviet and east German cable and telephone communications for more that a year. (Cold war. ©2005 Gaddis).

1958 – Hitler’s spies and saboteurs based on the German secret service war, . Lahousen. Charles Wighton Gunter Peis. New York Holt. Worldcat Database.

27 Nov 1958 – Khrushchev, Berlin, Soviet and East Germany. (We know now. John Lewis Gaddis ©1997 US).

1959-60 – Exodus of East Germans through west Berlin, 144,000 in 1959 and 200,000 in 1960. (We know now. John Lewis Gaddis ©1997 US).

1959-61 – The Bad Godesberg congress in 1959. The 1961 Bundestag election won by Willy Brandt. (German politics. Peter Pulzer. ©1995 US.

1960 – The rise and fall of the Third Reich, a history of Nazi Germany. William L Shirer. New York Simon and Schuster. Worldcat database.

1961 – Germany 1949 when it split into two states. In Berlin in 1961 when the wall went up, East German communist leader Walter Ulbricht. Russian specialist on Germany, Valery Lednev, a KGB journalist. Erich Mielke was head of the Stasi secret police. (Under cover lives. ©1998 H Womack).

1961 – Francois Genoud. The testament of Adolf Hitler, the Hitler Bormann document, Feb April 1945. R H Stevens. London Icon books.

August 1961 – East Germany unopposed construction of the Berlin Wall. (The cold war. ©205 Gaddis).

Aug 1961 – East Germans fled, 4,700 in the first 12 days of Aug 1961. (German politics. Peter Pulzer. ©1995 US).

11 August 1961 – A folder in the Stasi files called Operation “Rose” shows that the construction of the Berlin wall was an early Stasi task, East Germany’s communication in action, the Stasi. (Stasi files. ©2003 A Glees).

13 August 1961 – East Germany built the Berlin wall that divided Germany, Berlin. The socialist unity party and the Stasi controlled everything. (Stasi files. ©2003 A Glees).

13 Aug 1961 – Construction of the Berlin wall. (German politics. Peter Pulzer ©1995 US).

13 August 1961 – Barbed wire goes up around West Berlin as construction of the Berlin wall begins. Movements between East and West Berlin were restricted for the next 28 years. (Family history. August 2009 p11).

1962 – Ruth Werner. Olga Benario. Verlag neues Leben. Berlin.

1962 – Strauss as defence minister accused Der Spiegel of revealing German military secrets and put some of the magazines executives in jail. The magazine was run by Herr Augstein, a lefty, critical of Strauss. (Last days of America. (c)1981 PE Erdman.) .

24 Jan 1962 – 28 refugees escape from east to west Germany. Historyorb.com.

End 1962 – A political trial at the end of 1962, West German agent, public trial of Bogdan Stashinsky, a Soviet Intel officer living in the West. (Who really killed Kennedy. Jerome C Corsi ©2013 US).

Late 1968 – Germany, six connected suicides, on 8 Oct 1968 Major general Herst Wendland, deputy head of BND, German equivalent to the CIA, was shot dead. Same day Admiral Hermann Ludker, deputy head of logistics of NATO, was fatally shot. Within days 4 more bodies lt colonel Johannes Grimm, was shot, Gerald Bohm, was drowned. Edeltraud Gapentin, was poisoned. Hans Heinrich Schenk was hanged. All were declared suicides, leaks of NATO secrets? (The annals of unsolved crime. EJ Epstein ©2012 US).

15 Oct 1968 – Hans Heinrich Schenk, German ministry official, was hanged by rope. (The annals of unsolved crime. EJ Epstein (C)2012 US).

16 Oct 1968 – Edeltrud Grapentin, German ministry official, sleeping pills overdose. (The annals of unsolved crime. EJ Epstein (C)2012 US)

18 Oct 1968 – Colonel Johannes Grimm, German defence agency, was shot by pistol. (The annals of unsolved crime. EJ Epstein ©2012 US)

23 Oct 1968 – Gerald Bohm, German ministry official. Was drowned in river. (The annals of unsolved crime. EJ Epstein ©2012 US).

1970s – Germany turned Socialist under Willy Brandt. The creation of the European monetary union. It was the first time since 1945 that Bonn had taken a political line against the US. (Last days of America. ©1981 PC Erdman).

1970s – The Germans had dozens of nuclear reactors operating and their nuclear industry began to grow. Helmut Schmidt and Jimmy Carter. German exports and advanced nuclear technology. Four nuclear giants, AEG, Brown Boveri, Siemens and the Kraftwerk union. (Last days of America. ©1981 PE Erdman).

10 Feb 1970 – Munich airport 3 terrorists attacked El Al passengers in a bus with guns and grenades. 1 passenger was killed, and 11 injured. All 3 terrorists were captured. The action organisation for the liberation of Palestine and the popular democratic front for the liberation of Palestine were freed after the 6 Sept 1970 attacks.

10 Feb 1970 – Attack on the Munich airport 3 terrorists attacked El Al passengers in a bus at Munich airport with guns and grenades. One passenger was killed and 11 injured. All 3 terrorists were captured by airport police. The action organisation for the liberation of Palestine and the peoples democratic front for the liberation of Palestine claimed responsibility for the attack.

17 Feb 1870 – Foiled hijack attempt on El Al airliner 3 would be hijackers were freed in under 2 months.

21 Feb 1970 – A bomb exploded aboard a Frankfurt to Vienna flight, it landed safely in Frankfurt.

6 Sept 1970 – Four airliners were hijacked over the Atlantic ocean on 11 Sept, a fifth was hijacked. TWA Boeing 707 from Frankfurt, Swissair DC8 from Zurich, El Al Boeing 707 from Amsterdam ,PAN American Boeing from Amsterdam. Sept 11 the fifth was BOAC VC 10 to Beirut. PFLP responsible.

17 Dec 1970 – 5 terrorists were arrested in Munich for attempting to sabotage an El Al plane. They got 3 months in prison.

1972 - Kidnappings of Israelis at the 1972 Olympic games in Munich was followed by airline hijackings and car bombings carried out by different factions supported by Qaddafi, who was in turn supported by the Soviet union. (Americas wars. ©2003 P Huchthausen).

1973 – Norman Rich. Hitler’s war and ideology, the Nazi state and the course of expansion. New York Norton.

19 Oct 1977 – Kidnapped employers president, Hanns Martin Schleyer, was found dead. (German politics. Peter Pulzer. ©1995 US).

1978 – Hitler’s spies, German military intelligence in World War Two. David Kahn. New York Macmillan. Worldcat Database.

1985-86 – The holocaust, a history of the Jews of Europe during the Second World War. Martin Gilbert. New York. Holt Rinehart. Worldcat database.

26 Aug 1985 – Spy scandal rocks Bonn and endangers NATO security. Michael Binyon. The Times London UK.

1986 – Robert Jay Lifton.The Nazi doctor. London, Macmilan.

1988 – Fuchs was released on 23 June 1954 and taken to London airport by police. Once in East Germany Fuchs gained membership of the east German Communist party. Fuchs died in 1988 aged 78. (Treachery. C Pincher ©201 UK).

1988 – Charles Maier. The unmasterable past. History, holocaust and German national identity. Cambridge mass Harvard uni press.

1989 – British plundering of rubbish for intel, called Operation Tamarisk, lasted until the end of Brixmis in 1989. (The hidden hand. Richard J Aldrich ©2001 UK).

1989 – East Germany, the Stasi ruled for nearly 40 years to stifle unrest. By the time the Berlin wall fell in 1989 the Stasi had grown to more than 91,000 officers. East Germany. (BBC Antony Zurcher 1 Nov 2013).

1989 – The aesthetic state, a quest in modern German thought. Josef Chytn. Berkely Calif press. Worldcat database.

1989- At one time or another, one East German in three had acted as an informer for the security service, the Stasi. (German politics. Peter Pulzer. ©1995 US).

3 Oct 1990 - Opening of the Berlin wall, re-unification. (German politics. Peter Pulzer ©1995 US).

1991 – The last good German. Bill Granger. New York bros. Worldcat Database.

1991 – Thomas Alan Schwartz. America’s Germany. John J McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany. Cambridge mass. Harvard uni press.

9 Feb 1991 – Jorg Roesler. The rise and fall of the planned economy in German Democratic Republic. German history.

20 March 1991 – ex East German spies face espionage trials. Berlin plans to publish thousands of names linked to Stasi. Globe and Mail Toronto Canada AP Bonn The German government declared yesterday not to offer amnesty to former East German spies the Stasi for espionage trials.

22 Aug 1991 – Stasi threat. The Times London UK.

1992 – Beyond the wall. Memoirs of an east and west German spy. Werner Stiller. Jefferson Aden. Brasseys. Worldcat database.

1993 – Heisenberg war the secret history of the German bomb. Thomas Rees. New York. Knopf. Random house. Worldcat database.

1993 – Thomas Powers. Heisenberg’s war. The secret history of the German bomb. New York Knopt.

18 July 1993 – KGB files nail huge web of German spies. Sunday Times London UK.

1994 – German police found the bodies of a bordello owner, his wife and four so called prostitutes, killed by Russians, the Russian mafia. (Putin’s labyrinth. Steve Levine ©2008 2009 US).

1995 – Spymaster, the real life Karle his, and the east German secret police. Leslie Colitt. Ready Mass Addison Wesley Worldcat database.

1995 – German politics 1945-1995 Peter Pulzer Oxford uni press New York. ISBN 0-19-878111-3 pbk.

1995 – Frank Ninkorich. Germany and the US, the transformation of the German question since 1945. Twayne.

Sept 1995 – Charles F Pennecchio. The East German Communists and the origins of the Berlin blockade crisis. East German quarterly.

Oct 1995 – Atina Grossmann. A question of silence. The rape of German women by occupation soldiers Oct 72.

23 Jan 1996 – German spy trio accused of keeping M16 cash. Roger Boyes and Michael Evans. The Times London UK.

1998 – Germanys spies and saboteurs. David Johnson. Osceola W Usa. Worldcat Database.

1999 – Stasi, the untold story of the East German secret police. John O Koehler. Boulder Colo Westview press. Worldcat Database.

June 1999 – Joel F Harrison. Escape from the great confinement. The genealogy of the German workhouse. Journal of modern history 71.

17 Jan 2000 – Spycatchers hunt for Putins puppets. The Australian national Australian. German spies recruited by the KGB may still be active in the East of the country reports Mark.

27 Sept 2000 – East German spies. Bruce Kent. The Times London UK.

2001 – Righteous deception German efforts against Hitler. Davis Johnson. Westview Con Praeger. Worldcat database.

2001 – Oliver Hoare. Camp 020. M15 and the Nazi spies. London PRO.

5 July 2001 – Kohl wins ban on release of Stasi tapes. Toby Helm Daily Telegraph London UK. Private conversations taped during the cold war by east German spies.

2002 – Inventing the Schlieffen plan. German war planning 1871-1914. Terence Zuber Oxford New York uni press. Worldcat database.

2002 – Holocaust a history. Deborah Dwork. RJ van Pelt. New York Norton Worldcat database.

2003 – Spies beneath Berlin. David Stafford. Woodstock New York Overlook press. Worldcat Database.

2003 – German police raided offices and houses of SPAG, a German registered St Petersburg Russia run holding company. It was laundering tens of millions of Euros and human trafficking. Organised crime and extortion. No arrests. (Deception. E Lucas ©2012 UK).

2005 – The people state, East Germany. From Hitler to Honecker. Mary Fulbrook. New Haven Yale uni press. Worldcat Database.

2006 – Bob Cook and the German spy. Paul Green Tomlinson. Project Gutenberg. Worldcat database.

Sept 2007 – German pipeline monopoly Sunimex blamed Russian company LUKov for cutting crude oil supplies to Germany over the month of August, LUKovs attempt to gain better terms from Sunimex and supplies to Germany by Sept 2007 and the two companies reached a compromise. Reuters reported oil traders. (Stratfor intel summary. 24 August 2007).

2008 – Inside the Stasi’s spy tech world. Kristie Macrakis. History. Google books.

16 May 2008 – Analysis, Russia spies on German firms. UPI international intelligence.

2009 – Historical dictionary of German intelligence. Jefferson Adams. Lanham md Scarecrow press. Worldcat database.

2009 – Historical of German intelligence. Jefferson Adam. Google books.

Dec 2009 – Researching Red Cross archives at Bad Arolsen Germany. Claire Bruell.

Records held for 60 years at Bad Arolsen a small town in cental Germany. Nazi records on 17.5 million people. In Dec 2009 Claire and eight genealogists from Israel spent five days at Bad Arolse archives. (NZ genealogist March April 2011).

2010 – East German foreign intelligence, myth, reality and controversy. Krista Macrakis. Thena Wegener Friis. Helmut Miller Enberg. London New York Routledge. Worldcat Database.

2010 – Nearly 50,000 women, black and Latin are sex trafficked to Holland and Germany, which is legal. (Slavery inc. Lydia Cacho ©2010 UK).

2011 – Locating your German ancestors place of origin Eric Kopittke.

Dec 2011 – Corruption making Euro debt crisis worse. NGO Richard Carter. AFP Berlin.

25 Nov 2012 – European parliament urged to ban boxes for unwanted infants, baby box. Maria Cheng and David Rising AP Berlin. TV news Canada.

2013 – A companion to bioethics. Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer. Medical experiments on Jews, Gypsies and Slavs. Google books.

2013 – Many parts of Europe also suffered severe flooding in 2013. Hailstorms in Germany and France. (The Economist. March April 2014).

2014 – The history of the Stasi, east Germany’s secret police. Jens Gieseke. Dictators, surveillance. Google books.

19 March 2014 – Zunka Stefcheva Aleksieva missing.

14 April 2014 – Cyber spies infiltrate German space centre. Daily Telegraph London UK.

4 July 2014 – Law enforcement Examiner. Jim Kouri. NSA scandal. US double agent arrested by German police. Suspicion of spying.

5 July 2014 – BBC Spying, A US envoy was arrested. An alleged spy, employee of German foreign intel service BND. BBC Steve Evans in Berlin. A 31 year old man was arrested

5 July 2014 – Derek Scally. The Irish Times. NSA whistleblowers testimony at Bundestag committee. William Binney and Thomas Drake. The goal is control of the people. Ultimate form of control.

7 July 2014 – CIA was involved in US spying on Germany report. Huffington Post Mark Hosenball.

8 July 2014 – Reuters. US Germany spying CIA was involved in a spying operation against Germany.

10 July 2014 – Daily Mail UK. Germany asks US spy to leave the country. CIA man expelled from Berlin. Allan Hall.

11 July 2014 – Germany kicks out top US spy over espionage claims. TVNZ. I cant recall an instance since the end of the cold war in which the intelligence official was asked to leave a county. CIA station chief.

11 July 2014 – Stuff.co.nz. Edith Honan. Elly Park. Reuters. Hessy Taff was 6 months old in 1935. Cover photo chosen by Nazis. Taff’s parent born in Latvia in 1932. The family fled to Paris, by 1940 the Nazis had entered France, the family was on the run to Cuba in 1942, then to the US in 1949. Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial in Israel. 1987 book about Latvian Jews.

14 July 2014 – Intelnews.org. Joseph Fitsanakis. Up to 20 US spies inside the German government, media reports say. They are German citizens spying for the US for money.

2 Sept 2014 – VOA Victims of Nazi euthanasia killings were commemorated in Berlin. 300,000 poor and disabled people were killed under Nazi Germany their lives were seen as worthless.

DMU Timestamp: August 12, 2014 17:47

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