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growth of the bureaucracy

APGoPo Unit 6

GROWTH OF THE BUREAUCRACY

“To the victor belong the spoils” (1828)

The spoils system or patronage, started by Andrew Jackson, was used for filling federal jobs; President rewarding supporters with jobs based on service, not on merit



Garfield’s assassination by a disappointed office-seeker (1881)



Creation of the Pendleton Act (1883)

Eliminated the spoils system (patronage); created merit system An exam-based merit system would be used to fill government jobs;

Civil Service Commission was created to administer these exams

MODERN BUREAUCRACY

  • Civil Service Reform Act of 1978

    • Abolished the U.S. Civil Service Commission >> Created the OPM (Office of Personnel Management)

♣♣ Provides management guidance to agencies of the executive branch

♣♣ Issues regulations that control federal human resources

  • Today

    • Three million civilian federal employees

    • Department of Defense is the largest department (even without active military)

    • <10% of top-level jobs are appointed (political appointees) by the president >> PATRONAGE

    • >90% of federal employees are civil service workers >> MERIT SYSTEM

POWER OF THE BUREAUCRACY

  • Implementation and Discretionary authority

    • Carry out laws of Congress, executive orders of the president

    • Agencies have power to choose course of action when Congress writes broadly-worded laws

    • Congress gives them the bones, bureaucracy adds the meat

  • Administration

    • Routine administrative work; Provide services (SSA sends social security checks to beneficiaries)

  • Regulation

    • Issue rules and regulations that impact the public and that the private sector must follow (EPA sets clean air standards); Labels on food, emissions of cars, etc.

  • Helping Congress draft legislation

  • Providing advice to the White House

  • Settling disputes

REASON FOR GROWTH OF POWER OF THE BUREAUCRACY

  • National growth

    • Need for agencies to cope with additional population

  • Technology

    • Need for agencies to manage new technology (FAA, FCC)

  • International Crises

    • Increase in power for Dept. of Defense, Dept. of Homeland Security

  • Citizens’ demands

    • Citizens want the federal government to assume some responsibility for the welfare of the nation

  • Agency survival

    • Once agencies are created, they develop constituencies that make it difficult for Congress to kill them

the jerry perez experiment

DMU Timestamp: November 11, 2014 20:35





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