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Review of Triumph of the Will


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Review of Triumph of the Will

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The following film notes were prepared for the New York State Writers Institute by Kevin Jack Hagopian, Senior Lecturer in Media Studies at Pennsylvania State University:

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It is an eerie film, perhaps a masterpiece if the documentarist's art, certainly a sinister endorsement of a doctrine of mass murder. But is it a war crime?

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Leni Riefenstahl was the golden girl of the German film industry. She had starred in a series of mystical, location-shot adventure films in the 1920's and early 1930's, directed and written by Arnold Fanck, a uniquely German genre called the "mountain film." On screen, Riefenstahl was beautiful, strong, and self-confident, and she projected these qualities off-screen, as well. In an age before women commonly directed large commercial film projects, Riefenstahl's assignment to direct The Blue Light in 1932 made her more than a curiosity; her cinematic style was, in the term film theorists of the day like Rudolph Arnheim used, "plastic": she saw the medium as a unique form of expression, not merely a manner for transferring ideas and plots from the theatre or literature. Her camera moved, and she understood, at a deep level, the mysterious power of the cinematic spectacle of movement, sound, and mise-en-scene to captivate audiences. Her work on the mountain films had been part of a pinnacle for the German film industry, when the expressionist masterworks of Fritz Lang (Metropolis) and F. W. Murnau (The Last Laugh) had made the German industry the envy of the world critical establishment for its command of these qualities, demonstrated in a hundred or more films made between 1919 and 1932.

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Jan 18
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Jan 18 2015 11:30AM) : How does this background information about Leni Riefenstahl contribute to an understanding of Triumph of the Will?
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Feb 23
Daniel Kvist Daniel Kvist (Feb 23 2015 1:06PM) : Propaganda is information that is being used to promote a specific point of view. Riefenstahl's cinematic style was described as being plastic. Those two go hand in hand, and maybe it was on purpose that Hitler asked her to direct the movie. more

Propaganda is usually, if not always, related to biased information. The fact that Riefenstahl’s cinematic style was perceived as being “plastic.” It’s is understood that plastic means that something has been altered to look a certain way, and maybe that’s why it is important to know who she was as a director in order to understand that Triumph of the Will is pure propaganda.

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Feb 24
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 24 2015 9:04AM) : I'm not sure what you mean by plastic.
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Daniel Kvist Daniel Kvist (Feb 24 2015 8:58PM) : "Plastic" was used to describe how Riefenstahl's cinematic style was. more

“Plastic” was used to describe

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:17AM) : Yes, but what does it mean? What is that style?
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Feb 26
Daniel Kvist Daniel Kvist (Feb 26 2015 7:56PM) : I suppose Arnheim meant that Riefenstahl used an art form, which involved physical manipulation. The fact that she saw the medium as a unique form of expression, she didn't limit herself to one but several styles that had only been seen in still images. more

We can also use photoshop today to alter an image or a picture. We can even create landscapes that doesn’t exist. I believe that’s what he meant by saying that she used a plastic style. She altered the picture or moving image, and created something that was only seen in moldings or sculptures.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:17AM) : Right
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Feb 24
Anson Chan Anson Chan (Feb 24 2015 4:42PM) : It implies that part of the reason how Leni made such a propaganda piece was that she treated movies as its own medium to convey ideas. Thus she filmed on a psychological level, having scenes of grandeur that are bound to capture audiences.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:18AM) : How are scenes of grandeur psychological?
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Feb 24
Charles Parietti Charles Parietti (Feb 24 2015 10:42PM) : It allows for us to see the background Riefenstahl has had before filming Triumph. By telling us the type of director she was, it allows us to be prepared of the type of film she was going to make for Triumph. more

People who watch the film now or back then might have negative things to say about Riefenstahl for how she portrayed Hitler and the Nazi power, however that was just a testimony to her work, not her feelings of Hitler or the party.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:19AM) : How can you be so sure? After all, the film was bankrolled by the Nazi Party.
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Feb 27
Charles Parietti Charles Parietti (Feb 27 2015 12:42PM) : Be so sure on which part? Her feelings for the party? I mean I can't for a fact say that she didn't support the Nazi party. more

However, when I read Riefenstahl was imprisoned by the Allies after the war, and then released, partly because no one could figure out if a film could be an instrument of war. Riefenstahl was adamant; she had been concerned with matters of form, not politics, so we are not sure what her feelings towards the party, from reading this article. Which is why I think Hagopian started with her background, so the reader/viewer does not dislike Riefenstahl for making a very good propaganda film for the Nazi party. He wants the reader/viewer to she her as the “golden girl” of the film industry who brought a new style to the cinema industry.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 28 2015 6:29AM) : But we can be sure about her feelings. Have you read any of the Riefenstahl biographies? There is no question of her Nazi affiliations. This is a subject I've written about a good deal.
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Mar 1
Charles Parietti Charles Parietti (Mar 01 2015 2:59PM) : Then I was mistaken, this is the first time I have heard about her and the article didn't state her feelings, so I was unaware of her feelings. more

Which is why I think the author of this article did not tell the readers of Riefenstahl’s feelings on the Nazi power, because the author wanted the readers to see her more as a film maker rather than a Nazi who happens to be a director.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Mar 02 2015 7:43AM) : Yes, the focus is on her filmmaking.
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Feb 25
Jing Zhang Jing Zhang (Feb 25 2015 10:51AM) : It enables me to treat Triumph of the Will as a FILM, not merely a piece of propaganda. more

Triumph of the Will has a strong German nationality sense with the absolute focus on Adolf Hitler. The film speaks to me as a powerful piece of propaganda, so while I was watching it for the first time, I was too attracted by what is shown in the film rather than how the film is shown. Given the fact that the film content is very appealing to us future generations, the background information about Riefenstahl reminds me to appreciate the film from a documentary perspective. It also emphasizes feminine power as I am impressed that the director is a female.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:19AM) : What is appealing about the film?
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Feb 26
Daniel Figueroa Daniel Figueroa (Feb 26 2015 1:05AM) : For Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will demonstrates the power of the image to represent the historical world. more

Her influence and style of filming inspire young German filmmakers to express their ideas rather than devolve ideas from existing artists.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:20AM) : Power of the image, yes. But the historical world? How can you be so sure of that?
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Feb 26
Daniel Figueroa Daniel Figueroa (Feb 26 2015 9:59PM) : From watching Triumph of the Will, it is completely made up of actual footage. more

Riefenstahl created a cinema which transfigures real life while apparently recording it;which is essentially avant-garde while allegedly conventional.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:18AM) : But lacking a historical context.
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Feb 26
Michelle Macauda Michelle Macauda (Feb 26 2015 1:52PM) : The information on Leni Riefenstahl contributes to an understanding of Triumph of the Will because of the style of the movie. The different types of angles and shots that are compiled together to produce expression. more

The information on Leni Riefenstahl contributes to an understanding of Triumph of the Will because of the style of the movie. The different types of angles and shots that are compiled together to produce expression. The term “plastic” is used to describe that film can be made into any idea and c an portray them in any way. There is no mold, the use of sound, movement and scenery is flexible.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:19AM) : No mold. No pre-existing form which means the film creates its own reality.
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Feb 26
Julissa Soriano Julissa Soriano (Feb 26 2015 3:45PM) : Reply more

It gives me a better understanding of where she came from. She started out starring in films. So I am assuming that her passion for film starting during that time.

Also the fact that she is a woman is interesting, especially since literally every scene in this film is overruled by men. Adding beautiful, strong, and self-confident seems to match her role as a filmmaker in Triumph of the Will.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:20AM) : What does it mean that she is attracted powerful men?
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Student Michelle Gontar Student Michelle Gontar (Feb 26 2015 7:01PM) : The background information contributes in the sense that it shows Leni Riefenstahl's perspective on how movies were presented as expressive and artistic and their goal of presenting film and plot in a mysterious manner.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:21AM) : She is devoted to film as art, not just information.
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posterBut when the German film industry emptied itself of its great talents in the wake of the advent of Adolph Hitler in 1933, Riefenstahl refused to join the river of cinematic refugees to France, England, and the U.S.. She would forever after claim to be "apolitical," but her first meeting with Adolph Hitler, in 1932, was propitious. Hitler was an admirer of The Blue Light, and presciently recognized the power of the cinema as a mass persuasion instrument. Riefenstahl made a short film about the 1933 Nazi party rallies in Nuremberg; though she had only a few days to prepare before the event, the film, released as "Victory of Faith," was an ambitious and aesthetically advanced film. Now, with considerably more time to plan, Riefenstahl took over the planning of a film about the 1934 rally originally begun by documentarian Walter Ruttmann. What Ruttmann had planned as an explicitly rhetorical film, Riefenstahl saw as a cinematic paean to the race mythologies of Nazism, expressed through the geometry of its mass rituals and the solitary figure of its strange, strutting god, Adolph Hitler. Although it was long alleged that Riefenstahl had a hand in planning the massive rallies themselves, helping to design their staging so that the event would be more photogenic, Hitler's minister of the interior and court architect Albert Speer denied this many years later; the striking Art Deco blockiness of the outdoor rallies, with their searchlights turned upward like pillars of fire, was his own, and the only major concession to Riefenstahl's crew was the provision of a huge elevator that allowed for her spectacular crane shots.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Jan 18 2015 11:32AM) : How does the geometry of mass rituals support the Nazis' race mythologies?
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Feb 24
Anson Chan Anson Chan (Feb 24 2015 4:55PM) : They wanted to give an impression that they were a civilized, perfect people. Thus by planning their rallies, they can make it seem like they are naturally inclined to not crowd together but instead form into neat groups, adding to the scenes of grandeur.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:20AM) : Order and discipline.
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Charles Parietti Charles Parietti (Feb 24 2015 10:49PM) : Mass rituals supported the Nazi's race mythologies because the party saw Hitler as a "God" and worshiped him like one. People would gather to see him speak much like people in church listen to their priest or reverend.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:21AM) : Right. The people are Hitler's congregation.
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Feb 25
Jing Zhang Jing Zhang (Feb 25 2015 11:01AM) : The mass rituals pictured the entire Nazi Germany as a strong, dedicated, and united race. [Edited] more

The way the German people looked up to Hitler in the film amazed me. They did not need to explain to me in words how convinced they were by their leader. Their eyes were telling me their inner voice. Especially the children because children cannot easily fake behaviors and emotions in front of the camera. The jump shots between Hitler’s speech and the audiences’ reaction is the most motivating element out of the mass ritual sequences.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:22AM) : Remember the film is a party rally, so how can it also be about all of Germany?
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Feb 26
Daniel Figueroa Daniel Figueroa (Feb 26 2015 1:59AM) : The geometry of mass rituals in Triumph of the Will transforms continuously inter-cuts Nazi Socialist imagery and fanaticism figures with a human touch. more
Riefenstahl techniques are a social memory of the singular totality of the German nation by giving a collective meaning to a mythological aura of Hitler. The whole nation possessed by the symbolism and hierarchy of form,by a national public figure Socialist imagery.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:22AM) : It is a party rally and yet manages to express more than just the party. How?
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Feb 26
Daniel Figueroa Daniel Figueroa (Feb 26 2015 10:22PM) : This rally serve big for the Nazi's race as well as most intensely possessing and possessed by this spirit is Hitler, not so much a god as a prophet who has been in the realm of vision and returns to inspire. more

Hitler in 1934 was a figure of some doubt and controversy, but generally perceived throughout Europe as a uprising leader and in Germany as the restorer of national pride, the rejuvenatory of the economy, the architect of an effective government.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:24AM) : You misuse the words uprising and race.
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Student Michelle Gontar Student Michelle Gontar (Feb 26 2015 7:05PM) : The geometry of mass rituals support Nazi's race mythologies as they convey order and an ease of perfection where others would normally find chaos.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:25AM) : Not clear. What does order have to do with race?
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Speer's protests don't dim the film's remarkable use of the medium, or the clear internal evidence that the rallies were designed as much to be looked at as to be marched in. Riefenstahl's film privileges the film viewer with an impossible, perfect view of the proceedings; in a weird, disconcerting way, we ordinary film viewers become, for the running time of the film, the protagonist of Nazism, in the same way that Hitler skillfully gave ordinary Germans a feeling of command over history and politics. Indeed, while film analysts often (justifiably) note the orchestrated editing and vast, abstract human landscapes of the outdoor sequences, Riefenstahl invests considerable weight in Hitler himself. The scenes of his climactic speech to the multitudes in the indoor party hall, interminable as discourse, become mesmerizing as political theater, as Hitler calculates every gesture, expression, and intonation as a facet of a screen character, "Hitler, leader of his people." One moment he is expansive, laughing and joking with his people, the next, he is abstracted, so lost in the deep responsibilities of leadership that he seems not to be able to hear the ecstatic applause as he looks over his notes. Hitler's moves, every one of them, whether bellicose or bathetic, are designed to elicit a Pavlovian response from the crowd, and, with the help of Riefenstahl's editing, they do. It is intriguing to wonder if some of the postwar era's genocidal dictators, Hussein, Amin, and others, borrowed some of their moves from Hitler. This is the cult of personality raised to a kind of rapture: from the first minutes of the opening stanza of the film, when Hitler descends from the clouds, transubstantiated from some Teutonic heaven to the earthly precincts of Nuremberg, he is both in the world and out of it, the seething godhead of a demonic political religion. That the world did not take him seriously, or judge him against a less relative standard of morality - in the year after Triumph of the Will's release, Hitler as named Time magazine's "man of the Year" - is no fault of Leni Riefenstahl's, for the Hitler she gives us is plainly a weapon of mass destruction.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Jan 18 2015 11:33AM) : How does having a perfect view of what is happening influence your reaction to the film?
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Feb 14
Raymond Urrutia Raymond Urrutia (Feb 14 2015 4:46PM) : Got a bit of a frightening realization more

In putting me amongst the crowds of spectators and also giving me crane views of the NSP’s gatherings, it thoroughly showcased the discipline, organization and unity of the NSP of Germany. Also, more surprisingly, the way Hitler’s speeches are shot helped me kind of understand why the German people decided to follow that psychopath in the first place. Yes he was a horrid person, but he had a certain demeanor, presence and speak that screamed leadership and knowhow. The way he delivers his speeches (both in his words and his body language) was extremely powerful and somewhat mesmerizing.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 15 2015 7:15AM) : Yes, he had a power of expression that suggested what he stood for was also powerful.
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Feb 23
Daniel Kvist Daniel Kvist (Feb 23 2015 1:18PM) : Confused and ashamed. more

I admire Hitler. And I know it is taboo to praise such an evil man, but no one can take away how great of a leader he was. I admire Hitler because of his ability to lead people. I got goose bumps while watching his speech.

I didn’t necessarily perceive the film as propaganda. It had a very compelling structure and the speeches were very powerful. I sort of felt like I was a part of it, and I could see myself root for him. I got carried away, and I’m a little ashamed of admitting that. In hindsight I would never have been rooting or believed a single word that was said. This film is very powerful and very frightening.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 24 2015 9:05AM) : I think it is a little disturbing to admire a man whose leadership was based on obedience.
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Feb 24
Daniel Kvist Daniel Kvist (Feb 24 2015 9:10PM) : Hitler was not a great person, but a great leader. more

I admire his ability to lead, not him as a person. One could argue that people had to obey him if they valued their lives, but the fact that he had people right where he wanted, is – to me – a sign of great leadership, but the worst kind of leadership, of course. One should not fear for his/her life.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:23AM) : Great leaders lead their nation in to a horrendous war and a holocaust, and you think that is great leadership?
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Daniel Kvist Daniel Kvist (Feb 26 2015 7:58PM) : No, definitely not. I do not endorse the way he used his power/leadership, but we cannot deny that Hitler, in fact, had some sort of leadership (of the evil kind) in order to execute his plans.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:25AM) : True
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Feb 23
Alison Ng Alison Ng (Feb 23 2015 9:29PM) : Response more

I was put in the POV of someone who believed in Hitler- which really played with my mindset. This film was created during Hitler’s rule; years later, knowing what Hitler did, I went into the film with certain notions and beliefs about Hitler and the Nazi Party, but the film was still able to challenge those things.

I found myself thinking that they were efficient and organized. He directs a lot of his messages towards the youth and speaks to them not as children, but as powerful, independent human beings. As a young adult watching this, I understand why Hitler’s words are convincing.

Watching this film now makes me ponder whether or not I would have followed him if I was a young person in Germany during that time… And that is frightening.

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Feb 24
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 24 2015 9:06AM) : You need to watch the film again. Hitler is not addressing young people as independent human beings. On the contrary, he demands obedience to him and his party.
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Feb 24
Anson Chan Anson Chan (Feb 24 2015 5:04PM) : It puts you in the point of view of a person who attended the rallies, which would partially explain how Hitler became so popular. The way the rallies were orchestrated made it impossible to be the voice of reason if everyone else is captivated by Hitler.
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Feb 26
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:24AM) : Good point about making the spectator of the film a participant.
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Feb 24
Charles Parietti Charles Parietti (Feb 24 2015 10:51PM) : From watching this film, I can see why it is that people followed Hitler. more

Now I am not saying that I believe in anything that Hitler or the Nazi party stood for, all that I am is saying is that from watching the film I can see how persuasive and passionate he was about his cause, and why people ended up supporting him.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:24AM) : What is persuasive about Hitler?
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Feb 27
Charles Parietti Charles Parietti (Feb 27 2015 12:49PM) : One would have to assume that he had to have been persuasive in order to get an entire country to follow in his beliefs and party, as well as the passion the people gave him during his speeches.
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Feb 28
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 28 2015 6:31AM) : As I said in class, you have to be careful and know your history. Hitler neve received more than 43% of the vote. His party never reached a majority. And he ruled by force, not the consent of the governed.
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Mar 1
Charles Parietti Charles Parietti (Mar 01 2015 3:07PM) : I apologize for not backing my point without actual facts. However, in order for Hitler to get to power in the first place, if he still forced his way to the top he needed to have people that supported him and his cause. more

He had to be pretty persuasive to get these people to follow him.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Mar 02 2015 7:45AM) : You need to be careful about making assumptions based on limited knowledge. The point of this course is not to take flm or filmmakers at face value. Riefenstahl lied about her Nazi connections.
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Feb 25
Jing Zhang Jing Zhang (Feb 25 2015 11:59AM) : Riefenstahl did an excellent job of putting us in the position in every scene -- from the rallies, the crowed, the car and plane of Hitler, and to the streets of Germany. The film itself could have convinced me to follow Hitler as he is the leader. more

However, contemporary generations have a more objective perspective towards what happened during that time. I was impressed by Hitler’s persona and his leadership influence on his German people, but I cannot help thinking he is forcing his people with his ideology.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:26AM) : How does the film reinforce his ideology?
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Jocelyn Davila Jocelyn Davila (Feb 25 2015 10:40PM) : Real world experience. more

The camera angles throughout the film are pivotal to the audience’s reaction. Riefenstahl makes you feel like you are standing in the crowd being lectured by Hitler’s deranged ideologies. Hitler as we all know was an evil man, with that being said he was a great speaker. Just by watching this film, you could see the crowd’s reaction to his speeches, not only is he stern and rigorous but he has the audience completely captivated.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:26AM) : Yes, he could be mesmerizing.
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Eva Evans Eva Evans (Feb 26 2015 2:25AM) : It forces me to become a participant. The typical distance found in film (created by an inherent reflexive quality of the medium) has intentionally been bypassed. When watching Triumph of the Will, I feel less like a spectator and more like a participant.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:27AM) : Exactlyi
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Student Michelle Gontar Student Michelle Gontar (Feb 26 2015 7:10PM) : It was an interesting perspective to be placed in a different vision of Hitler and how he controlled his rallies. It gave insight as to how people could have found his irrational motives appealing.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:26AM) : He seemed to bring a sense of order and energy.
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Daniel Figueroa Daniel Figueroa (Feb 26 2015 10:51PM) : Riefenstahl's captures Hitler's ideal image of absolute discipline and unconditional obedience. more
The film is made into a observational where I picture myself as a member of the crowd where there are several scenes where the shot just from the back of the crowd, or among the crowd during. the scene during the entrance when he is on the car going pat the rally and the camera was placed right behind Hitler’s back. It gives the viewers a feeling that you are looking through Hitler ’s point of perspective. The scene makes the viewers feel the anticipation of the people for Hitler.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:27AM) : Anticipation is the right word.
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Kerry Mack Kerry Mack (Feb 26 2015 11:50PM) : It's difficult to say anyone really has a "perfect" view of anything. However, I must say I felt very conflicted watching the scenes of Hitler's speeches. They actually made me feel uneasy. His voice and his presence were so powerful, I can understand more

how people could follow such a confident, charismatic person at a time when Germans didn’t have much else. There were moments where I had to snap out of his allure and realize all of the atrocities that occurred during and were related to his time in power.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:28AM) : Yes
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Jan 18 2015 11:35AM) : What is a Pavlovian response?
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Alison Ng Alison Ng (Feb 23 2015 9:15PM) : Response more

A Pavlovian response is a form of conditioning, or association of one thing with another. Pavlov is known for his experiments with dogs. Usually, dogs would get excited and salivate at food itself. In Pavlov’s experiment, Pavlov rang a bell, and then fed the dogs. Eventually, the dogs would just become excited by the ringing of the bell, not by the sight/smell of the food. The dogs had been conditioned to expect that one thing came with another; in this case, the ringing bell came with food.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 24 2015 9:07AM) : So what does all this have to do with the film?
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Julissa Soriano Julissa Soriano (Feb 26 2015 4:19PM) : reply more

The Pavlovian response is exemplified throughout the entirety of this film. Hitler raises his hand, everyone else raises their hand. Hitler speaks in front of the crowd, and the crowd screeches back.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:28AM) : Right
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Charles Parietti Charles Parietti (Feb 24 2015 10:55PM) : By the people responding positivily to Hitler's speeches it shows the viewer that maybe what he is saying actually makes sense and deservers to at least be heard out, based off of the way that the crowd "loses" themselves over him.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:27AM) : That's a good point. The crowds seem to reinforce what Hitler is saying.
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Jing Zhang Jing Zhang (Feb 26 2015 9:53AM) : A Pavlovian response is an unintentionally innate response to certain biological or emotional stimulus. more

Hitler’s speech elicits the audience’s emotional stimulus by saying that they are the power and future of Germany, so the crowd follows him and admire him without a valid reason.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:29AM) : A Pavlovian response is visceral, not intellectual.
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Daniel Figueroa Daniel Figueroa (Feb 26 2015 11:09PM) : The film captures the Pavlovian response in capturing the emotion of enthusiastic people with hope and expectation provided by Hitler's speeches. more
The editing techniques used Riefenstahl often disorient the audience with quick shifts from angles and close-ups to long shots. This is again a technique used to give more power to the scene itself, with everything from a small crowd close-up to a huge stadium full of people screaming and worshiping their leader.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:30AM) : This answer does not come to grips with what Pavlovian means.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Jan 18 2015 11:36AM) : Whatis meant by transubstantiated in thiis passage. And why is the perfect word to use?
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Raymond Urrutia Raymond Urrutia (Feb 14 2015 5:18PM) : A Conversion through Metaphor more

Transubstantiation is when a substance is, metaphorically, converted into another substance. An example would be how the Catholic church considers bread and wine to be the body and blood of Christ, respectively. In the context of the passage, Hitler was basically considered a God by the German people. Obviously, he wasn’t actually a God, but he was so renown that people actually considered him to be a mighty deity. The movie’s opening scene, where he descends from the clouds is representative of him descending from heaven. The movie transubstantiates his being, in representation of the German’s belief that he was their savior/god.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 15 2015 7:15AM) : Exactly.
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Julissa Soriano Julissa Soriano (Feb 26 2015 4:24PM) : reply more

This sounds a lot like Fidel Castro being “transubstantiated” in Cuba.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:31AM) : Yes
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Jing Zhang Jing Zhang (Feb 26 2015 9:58AM) : "Transubstantiated" is a metaphor representing that Hitler is treated as the "god" of Germany. [Edited] more

The word is perfect for the sequence because Hitler is landing from a plane. So “transubstantiated” has a literal meaning that is describing his action, but more importantly it has an implied meaning telling that Hitler is seen as the lord of the country.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:32AM) : But you haven't really explained how the word relates to the scene.
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Daniel Figueroa Daniel Figueroa (Feb 26 2015 11:42PM) : Transubstantiated is used as metamorphosis for Hitler as a self-appointed god. more

Its ancient heroism through the medium of one man, Adolf Hitler, the savior. A example of this is at the beginning of the film with scenes which indicate Hitler’s arrival to the rally and the sequence consist of several aspect of dramatization. It shows the sky, then modern
architecture, marching, masses from Hitler’s point of view from the plane. The following scenes see Hitler exiting from the plane as the nation waits for him with sheer anticipation and enthusiasm.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:33AM) : But how is this transubstantiation?
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When director Frank Capra was commissioned by the U.S. government to make what became the Why We Fight series of propaganda films in World War II, he screened a copy of Triumph of the Will which had been seized by the U.S. Customs office. When he subjected the film to close analysis, what he saw startled him: the ability of his own films to recruit and direct mass emotions for fictional purposes could be just as easily turned to political, even violent purposes. Susan Sontag called her far-reaching essay in the film "Fascinating Fascism," and the term is incisive. In part to Triumph of the Will, we owe terrifying confirmation of our now axiomatic belief in the dangerous power of the media. It is a spectacle from which we seek to turn away, but from which we cannot - and should not.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Jan 18 2015 11:38AM) : What is the power of the media?
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Alison Ng Alison Ng (Feb 23 2015 9:40PM) : Response more

There are many different things that come to mind when I hear this statement.

The first is ‘seeing is believing.’ A lot of media allows an individual to see whatever it is. In this case, the audience views clips of Hitler and his followers. Even though the film portrays a certain view, it is still a view that is physically in front of us. Because it is physically there, it is an actual event.

Another thing I think of is the idea that media keeps the masses stupid. Media is a form of entertainment. It captures our attention, and many times, keeps us from thinking too much into things. That being said, when media is persuasive, many are quick to accept that view. That can lead to mass belief, which in turn creates a pressure for everyone to believe in the same view.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 24 2015 9:09AM) : The relationship between film and actuality is complicated. What may seem "real" is not in fact an event in this sense of something happening spontaneously.
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Jocelyn Davila Jocelyn Davila (Feb 25 2015 10:48PM) : The power of the media more

It is how the population can be easily persuaded by it. This film being an example, if it wasn’t something that could’ve moved the masses then the Allies wouldn’t have arrested Riefenstahl for it. Hitler himself recognized the power of cinema (form of media) as an instrument of mass persuasion. Persuasion and Hitler go hand in hand, this is something I believe was one of the main characteristics he mastered, and ultimately gave him the power that he yearned.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:30AM) : Why is the film so persuasive?
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Eva Evans Eva Evans (Feb 26 2015 2:31AM) : The power of the media is convoluted and multifaceted and impossible to pinpoint in a comment. However, in brief, the media can be used to influence the masses' perception of reality.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:31AM) : How?
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Eva Evans Eva Evans (Feb 26 2015 2:31PM) : Media, though it is often framed as "pure fact," always reflects the bias of the reporter (whether it is a documentary filmmaker, journalist, news caster, etc). more

It is never devoid of opinion and therefore always intended to persuade. The manner in which the argument is presented can vary—from obvious to subliminal—and is usually posed as “the whole story,” rather than acknowledging that whatever being reported only reflects one facet of reality, and therefor cannot entirely be “fact.” It is difficult to sort through the vast amount of information to determine the “truth,” especially when the first article you read or documentary you watch seems so convincingly TRUE. It is far easier to believe what you first hear/see—or even what you hear/see most frequently—which is often exactly what people do. So, while the media unarguably has great access to the power of persuading the general public, this power can be used both to increase knowledge and exacerbate ignorance (and the line between knowledge and ignorance when referring to information from the media is becoming increasingly blurred).

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:35AM) : Good points. I don't see your name on my Blackboard roster.
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Feb 26
Jing Zhang Jing Zhang (Feb 26 2015 11:15AM) : I think we can easily associate ourselves in films, especially documentary film because it aims at persuading us with an implied argument. more

Triumph of the Will is a powerful propaganda of Nazi Germany and the controversial leader Hitler. The author is using the word “dangerous” to describe the “power of the media” because the participatory power of documentary film can influence our believe of what is true and what is right. When the crowd in the film believes in Hitler in their heart, I almost thought that was the right thing to do. The shots present Hitler as a dedicated leader to his country. The power of the media is that media expand the film’s argument to a broader audience.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:35AM) : Good points.
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Michelle Macauda Michelle Macauda (Feb 26 2015 2:02PM) : Media is a powerful influence on the public. more

Media is a powerful influence on the public. The media can project emotional feelings, thoughts and opinions on to the viewer. Film is a form of media and can used to portray a positive message for the greater good or to convey a revolt and rebellion in the public. During the war they gained the trust of the people, through propaganda, to join the war willingly. This same tactic could backfire.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:36AM) : Backfire?
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Julissa Soriano Julissa Soriano (Feb 26 2015 4:27PM) : reply more

The power of the media allowed Leni Riefenstahi to go from a film star to a filmmaker. The media is powerful and allows viewers to become present in a world that is not tangible.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:37AM) : But may look tangible.
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Evie Horn Evie Horn (Feb 26 2015 6:12PM) : The power of media is that it is able to bring people to certain time and place, which otherwise would not be possible. more

If the US was launching a Why We Fight propaganda campaign, I’m sure they said a lot of negative things about Hitler and Nazi Germany. I believe this is a case of actions speak louder than words – the US can say what they want about Germany but it is having the people really experience Hitler firsthand that will bring a real reaction. Screening Triumph of the Will puts the people of the US in Germany, experiencing Hitler as close to first hand as possible, which makes the US views of Hitler more genuine and easier for the people to stand behind. Without the power of the media during that time, the US citizens would have to rely solely on the word of the US government, which may not have elicited such a powerful response.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:38AM) : Film is a way of seeing and believing.
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Student Michelle Gontar Student Michelle Gontar (Feb 26 2015 7:13PM) : Media has the power to persuade and mold different opinions through constant repeating of ideas or providing one sided accounts of events.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:38AM) : Repetition is a key word.
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Kerry Mack Kerry Mack (Feb 27 2015 12:03AM) : The power of the media is, to put it into one reactionary word, terrifying. I think Hitler's propaganda revolutionized the power of the media. We can clearly see that today. Furthermore, the power of the media is one of the major ways, if not the major more

way Hitler was able to captivate and win-over so many people. His use of the media was brilliant in the sense that he was able to completely spin the actual occurrences into a seemingly positive, nationalistic effort. I think Hitler’s propaganda was the first time we were able to think in a modern way about how powerful the media is and how it can be used to extreme good and extreme bad.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:39AM) : Yes. Hitler is a media pioneer.
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Daniel Figueroa Daniel Figueroa (Feb 27 2015 12:21AM) : The power of media have been crucial for any government actively seeking to mobilize or influence its citizens. more

With Triumph of the Will, the instruments of communication are in most cases the mass media but also include such things as views, ideas , influences and other techniques of interpersonal communication between Hitler, the audience and the viewers.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:40AM) : You raise important issues about the nexus between ideas and film.
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Triumph of the Will, like The Birth of a Nation, presents the great conundrum of art: can art be both morally reprehensible, and yet "great"? Riefenstahl was imprisoned by the Allies after the war, and then released, partly because no one could figure out if a film could be an instrument of war. Riefenstahl was adamant; she had been concerned with matters of form, not politics. But she was never to be rehabilitated by the German film industry, and in her later years, she developed an astonishing second career as photographer; her underwater photography, and her often disturbing portraits of the Nuba tribe have the same sort of formal clarity as Triumph of the Will, and its sister, the great sports film Olympia. Shortly before her death at the age of 100, Ray Miller's documentary The Wonderful, Horrible Life of Leni Riefenstahl brought the deep paradox of Riefenstahl back to screen center, as well as her obliviousness to the consequences of artistic work in the service of a politically psychotic regime. Another documentary, also of another old woman of the Nazi years, Blind Spot, offered a far more anguished portrait of regret and self-analysis, that of Hitler's secretary, Traudl Junge. Riefenstahl imagined that she could will away her complicity in madness, while Junge, in the last months of her life, sought to know herself better through analysis of that complicity. For Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will is troubled testament to a life where art and politics mingled in an ethical Gordian knot of profound meaning for everyone who sees her work.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Jan 18 2015 11:39AM) : What does Riefenstahl mean when she says she was only concerned with matters of form?
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Charles Parietti Charles Parietti (Feb 24 2015 10:59PM) : She meant that she was only concerned about making the best film that she could make, because that was her profession, her lively hood. She was not involved in the politics behind it, just to take what was given to her and make the best film possible.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 26 2015 8:31AM) : If you make a film for Hitler, how can you not be involved in politics? Most filmmakers of Riefenstahl's caliber left Germany rather than make films there.
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Charles Parietti Charles Parietti (Feb 27 2015 12:58PM) : However, not all people in Germany who didn't support the Nazi power left Germany. Maybe there was a reason why Riefenstahl couldn't leave Germany. more

We’re not sure, which is why when she said that quote, I felt she wanted people to look past the politics of film and focus more on her filmmaking.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 28 2015 6:33AM) : Again, you can't make such comments. There was NO REASON why Riefenstahl could not leave the country. Just check the facts. It was easy for her to leave. She did not want to, as she admitted.
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Charles Parietti Charles Parietti (Mar 01 2015 3:15PM) : I apologize once again, I was only going with the what the article gave. Now that I know more of the situation with Riefenstahl I would like to change my answer. I feel like Riefenstahl said that as a way to help her image as a director. more

Although she was never rehabilitated by the German film industry, perhaps she wanted people to look past the Nazi side of her and just wanted them to focus on her art.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Mar 02 2015 7:46AM) : Riefenstahl wanted to remain viable as a filmmaker so se lied about her past, which included using concentration camp inmates in her films.
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Jing Zhang Jing Zhang (Feb 26 2015 11:29AM) : She emphasizes her position as a professional filmmaker, not Hitler's publicity. [Edited] more

The film captures the moments of Nazi Germany that have great value for storing history for the future. She is successful as a documentary director. However, the topic she worked on could not escape from politics. The way she dealt with the camera angle gave Hitler a sense of superiority, so on the other hand, I think she was part of the Hitler’s publicity as well.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:41AM) : Cannot escape from politics--to be discussed.
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Student Michelle Gontar Student Michelle Gontar (Feb 26 2015 7:18PM) : When Riefenstahl means is that she was more interested in presentation and exploring her means of art-film rather then the content of which it was portraying.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:42AM) : Do you accept her argument that content is immaterial?
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Daniel Figueroa Daniel Figueroa (Feb 27 2015 12:35AM) : Riefenstahl's conception when filming these films could well have been to create an artistic emotional view of two events in German history through the genre of documentary. more

However, given the political views at that time and throughout the following years, Triumph Of The Will can be seen to symbolize the Nazi ethos of the time. Riefenstahl was an artist whose personal preoccupations were primarily artistic and technical, not political, but that her films were used by Hitler and the Nazi party for their own political gains.

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Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:44AM) : Riefenstahl was a close friend of several Nazi leaders. She was political.
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Professor Carl Rollyson (Jan 18 2015 11:40AM) : What is an ethical Gordian knot? [Edited]
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Feb 14
Raymond Urrutia Raymond Urrutia (Feb 14 2015 4:28PM) : The Legend of the Gordian Knot more

The legend of the Gordian Knot involves a knot that was so tangled up, that nobody could untangle it. Alexander the Great eventually did, but only by taking his sword and cutting the knot in half. An ethical Gordian Knot is a interlocking of opposing morals and principles about a specific subject matter. Each one has their merits and shortcomings, and because of this there’s no right or wrong viewpoint. Because their is no right or wrong (i.e. no correct answer) the “knot” cannot be undone. The ethics behind Riefenstahl’s reasons for making this movie are extremely debatable, making it an ethical Gordian knot.

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A University of Toronto Ph.D, Rollyson has published more … (more)

Feb 15
Professor Carl Rollyson

A University of Toronto Ph.D, Rollyson has published more … (more)

Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 15 2015 7:14AM) : A good explanation.
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Feb 26
Jing Zhang Jing Zhang (Feb 26 2015 4:26PM) : The ethical Gordian knot behind this movie is whether Riefenstahl shot the film from a documentary perspective or a politics perspective. more

We cannot judge a film is right or wrong as there is no right or wrong answer to an ethical Gordian knot. Even though I see this film as a publicity tool for Hitler, we cannot say the film is wrong or bad. When a film directly speaks about politics, it is hardly a pure documentary anymore. The “profound meaning” that the author points out is that the film leaves people to judge with their own opinions.

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A University of Toronto Ph.D, Rollyson has published more … (more)

Feb 27
Professor Carl Rollyson

A University of Toronto Ph.D, Rollyson has published more … (more)

Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:45AM) : Maybe
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Feb 27
Daniel Figueroa Daniel Figueroa (Feb 27 2015 12:52AM) : The Gordian knot is tighten knot for Riefenstahl, the subject and the relationship with her film. [Edited] more

The Gordian knot wanted films not to focus on morals and facts but suggest their is not right or wrong side on a subject. This links directly with the endless debate on wither Riefenstahl perceived notion of propaganda as the systematic attempt to manipulate the attitudes of others or she simply making a work of art for her of benefit.

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A University of Toronto Ph.D, Rollyson has published more … (more)

Feb 27
Professor Carl Rollyson

A University of Toronto Ph.D, Rollyson has published more … (more)

Professor Carl Rollyson (Feb 27 2015 7:46AM) : The first sentence makes no sense. A Gordian knot can t want anything.

DMU Timestamp: January 07, 2015 02:48

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