Review of Man with a Movie Camera
Roger Ebert
In 1929, the year it was released, films had an average shot length (ASL) of 11.2 seconds. "Man With a Movie Camera" had an ASL of 2.3 seconds. The ASL of Michael Bay's "Armageddon" was -- also 2.3 seconds. Why would I begin a discussion of a silent classic by discussing such a mundane matter? It helps to understand the impact the film made at the time. Viewers had never seen anything like it, and Mordaunt Hall, the horrified author of the New York Times review, wrote: "The producer, Dziga Vertof, does not take into consideration the fact that the human eye fixes for a certain space of time that which holds the attention." This reminds me of Harry Carey's advice in 1929 to John Wayne, as the talkies were coming in: "Stop halfway through every sentence. The audience can't listen that fast."
"Man With a Movie Camera" is fascinating for many better reasons than its ASL, but let's begin with the point Dziga Vertof was trying to make. He felt film was locked into the tradition of stage plays, and it was time to discover a new style that was specifically cinematic. Movies could move with the speed of our minds when we are free-associating, or with the speed of a passionate musical composition. They did not need any dialogue--and indeed, at the opening of the film he pointed out that it had no scenario, no intertitles, and no characters. It was a series of images, and his notes specified a fast-moving musical score.
There was an overall plan. He would show 24 hours in a single day of a Russian city. It took him four years to film this day, and he worked in three cities: Moscow, Kiev and Odessa. His wife Yelizaveta Svilova supervised the editing from about 1,775 separate shots -- all the more impressive because most of the shots consisted of separate set-ups. The cinematography was by his brother, Mikhail Kaufman, who refused to ever work with him again. (Vertov was born Denis Kaufman, and worked under a name meaning "spinning top." Another brother, Boris Kaufman, immigrated to Hollywood and won an Oscar for filming "On the Waterfront.")
Born in 1896 and coming of age during the Russian Revolution, Vertov considered himself a radical artist in a decade where modernism and surrealism were gaining stature in all the arts. He began by editing official newsreels, which he assembled into montages that must have appeared rather surprising to some audiences, and then started making his own films. He would invent an entirely new style. Perhaps he did. "It stands as a stinging indictment of almost every film made between its release in 1929 and the appearance of Godard’s 'Breathless' 30 years later," the critic Neil Young wrote, "and Vertov’s dazzling picture seems, today, arguably the fresher of the two." Godard is said to have introduced the "jump cut," but Vertov's film is entirely jump cuts.
There is a temptation to review the simply by listing what you will see in it. Machinery, crowds, boats, buildings, production line workers, streets, beaches, crowds, hundreds of individual faces, planes, trains, automobiles, and so on. But these shots have an organizing pattern. "Man With a Movie Camera" opens with an empty cinema, its seats standing at attention. The seats swivel down (by themselves), and an audience hurries in and fills them. They begin to look at a film. This film. And this film is about--this film being made.
The only continuing figure -- not a "character" -- is the Man With the Movie Camera. He uses an early hand-cracked model, smaller than the one Buster Keaton uses in "The Cameraman" (1928), although even that one is light enough to be balanced on the shoulder with its tripod. This Man is seen photographing many of the shots in the movie. Then there are shots of how he does it--securing the tripod and himself to the top of an automobile or the bed of a speeding truck, stooping to walk through a coal mine, hanging in a basket over a waterfall. We see a hole being dug between two train tracks, and later a train racing straight towards the camera. We're reminded that when the earliest movie audiences saw such a shot, they were allegedly terrified, and ducked down in their seats.
Intercut with this are shots of this film being edited. The machinery. The editor. The physical film itself. Sometimes the action halts with a freeze frame, and we see that the editor has stopped work. But that's later--placing it right after the freeze frame would seem too much like continuity. If there is no continuity, there is a gathering rhythmic speed that reaches a crescendo nearer the end. The film has shot itself, edited itself, and now is conducting itself at an accelerating tempo.
Most movies strive for what John Ford called "invisible editing" -- edits that are at the service at the storytelling, and do not call attention to themselves. Even with a shock cut in a horror film, we are focused on the subject of the shot, not the shot itself. Considered as a visual object, "Man With a Movie Camera" deconstructs this process. It assembles itself in plain view. It is about itself, and folds into and out of itself like origami. It was in 1912 that Marcel Duchamp shocked the art world with his painting "Nude Descending a Staircase." It wasn't shocked by nudity--the painting was too abstract to show any. They were shocked that he depicted the descent in a series of steps taking place all at the same time. In a way, he had invented the freeze frame.
What Vertov did was elevate this avant-garde freedom to a level encompassing his entire film. That is why the film seems fresh today; 80 years later, itisfresh. There had been "city documentaries" earlier, showing a day in the life of a metropolis; one of the most famous was "Berlin: Symphony of a Great City" (1927).
By filming in three cities and not naming any of them, Vertov had a wider focus: His film was about The City, and The Cinema, and The Man With a Movie Camera. It was about the act of seeing, being seen, preparing to see, processing what had been seen, and finally seeing it. It made explicit and poetic the astonishing gift the cinema made possible, of arranging what we see, ordering it, imposing a rhythm and language on it, and transcending it. Godard once said "The cinema is life at 24 frames per second." Wrong. That's what life is. The Cinema only starts with the 24 frames -- and besides, in the silent era it was closer to 18 fps. It's what you doafteryou have your frames that makes it Cinema.
The experience of "Man With a Movie Camera" is unthinkable without the participation of music. Virtually every silent film was seen with music, if only from a single piano, accordion, or violin. The Mighty Wurlitzer, with its sound effects and different musical voices, was invented for movies.
The version available in the U.S. is from Kino, and features a score by composer Michael Nyman ("The Piano"). It was premiered performed by the Michael Nyman Band on May 17, 2002 at London's Royal Festival Hall. As the tempo mounts, it takes on a relentless momentum. Another score was created by the Cinematic Orchestra, and you can hear it while viewing nine minutes of the film here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvTF6B5XKxQ
A famous score was created by the Alloy Orchestra of Cambridge, Mass., which devotes itself to accompanying silent cinema. To mark the 80th anniversary of the film, the Alloy obtained and restored a print from the Moscow Film Archive, and performed their revised score in the city. They will tour with the print in 2010, and on their schedule is Ebertfest 2010.
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That even people who are accustomed with the environment, of which something new is being attempted, sometimes don’t know how to handle such a radical change. They will try to dumb it down or control it in a manner that allows them to accept and/or feel comfortable with it, even if that change is absurd in its rationality.
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There’s absurdity in Carey’s advice to Wayne about stopping through every sentence because he thought the audience wouldn’t be able to catch what he said. He thought this new mechanism of film needed to be dumbed down in order for the audience to understand it. He didn’t know what actually to do with it, so he gave it a form of controllability. Whether he honestly did this for himself or the audience is inconsequential, what matters is the fact that it’s absurd to think we wouldn’t be able to understand somebody talking on a screen. The same can be said about Vertov’s ASL’s and the critic figuring nobody would understand Vertov’s movie because they wouldn’t be able to concentrate due to the quick changes.
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Since film audience has accustomed to an average shot length (ASL) of 11.2 seconds, the quick cuts from Man with a Movie Camera cause trouble of comprehending the meaning behind shots. This is why Ebert brings up Harry Carey’s advice — in order to keep track with the director, audience needs longer shots to digest. Vertof’s use of short shots is revolutionary although it receives criticism.
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People were not used to seeing a change such as this one. It does him well to ask the question in the beginning along with the statement comparing the past ASL fact with the modern movie, because it shows just how much people have changed after a few years, regardless of how reluctant we were to change in the first place.
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Ebert suggest that these quick shots revealed the joys of work, the rhythm of workers and machines, he also felt that film-making was also a component of that mechanical reality. The shots can represent the pacing of what way life back then, comparing how long can a individual watch something without tuning out.
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It is output and maintenance that is also how man is like a machine. As technology helps society influence today’s society. Man is the driving force of modern society; man is the backbone behind production and advances technology that grabs humans’ attention.
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While society strives to progress and come up with new ideas, the usual response to something new is disapproval. I think people react this way not because that actually dislike it, but that they do not know how to feel. New things are unfamiliar territory, which comes with apprehension.
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I do not think the film suggests apprehension, but I think that Vertov decided to create a film like this because there were none like it before. And as a result, Vertov received questionable feedback. Hence, the NYT review quoted in Ebert’s review.
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At the time Vertof was trying a completely new style one that, Mordaunt Hall was “horrified” by seeing. A lot of the time people are scared or thrown off by new ideas, even though they might lead to changing the entire landscape of the entire film industry.
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“The stage play” sounds more planned-out while Vertof’s new style induces “free-associating.” This new style is more documentary especially when the film is capturing daily activities compared to the traditional stage play.
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Man with a Movie Camera breaks the conventions by filming with a free style that elicits free interpretation from its viewers.
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A stage has the limits of a single place, so the scenes and background had to look ambiguous enough, or rather versatile enough to change throughout the play, or have the characters interact in ways that clearly changes the scenes for them.
In films, you have the luxury and liberty to change any scene, and express exactly what you want to make the audience feel without having to use dialogue, and it forces an artist to think more creatively about how to do this.
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When I read “locked into the traditions of the stage play,” the first thing that comes to mind is ‘to act.’ In other words, every movement, every act was deliberate and planned out. In addition to that, when I think of a staged performance, I think of the dramatization and emotion of the characters in every scene that happens. Things that happen in a performance (no matter what it is) is there in order to elicit emotion from the audience.
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These can be useful for demonstrating to agents, producers, and publishers that one wants a straight forward concept, but in the world of aspiring filmmakers, each individual wants make something that don’t follow the tradition norm of filming in the earlier 1920s. In “Man With a Movie Camera”, the film lacks a scripted narrative , as if the camera eye and the editor did not need direction to express for viewers to understand what is going on.
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A stage takes in one place that has limit options for backgrounds environments, and characters performance for script in a play to adjust too. When making a film, you can modify scenes you want the viewers to make a connection too. It is more challenging for a filmmaker to do because of the ability to change something if it doesn’t present their idea before presenting it to their target audience than a stage play.
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I feel that Ebert is saying that the tradition of stage play was the typical type of set up of films. In this film the scenes are much faster and shorter, keeping the viewer intrigued. The scenes are sequenced similarly to how the brain works, creating idea after idea without stopping.
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In “Man With a Movie Camera” the audience gets to see a film from different shots from different angles in a shorter period, which gives them a different perspective for the film overall. Other films would have long shots from the same angle which at times can make someone feel like they are sitting, watching a play because each scene is shown from the same angle and it doesn’t allow for a scene to be shown from a different perspective.
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a story. What those filmmakers didn’t realize is that a story could be told without a script, a plot, lighting, and dialogue.
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Films were traditional, meaning with professional actors, scripts, and movie sets etc.. “Man with a Movie Camera” captures everyday life in Russia during the Industrial Revolution which can be shocking to the average American audience.
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In films, dialogues were used, they were planned out and not as natural as the films we watch today. However, “Man Wth a Movie Camera” was steering away from that. He is saying here that all those extras that showed one perspective and didn’t always connect to the audience was shifted here and gave some excitement to the usual movie.
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Man with a Movie Camera contains many shots that do not interact with each other, so those shots do not necessarily form a scene.
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The shots associate with each other in a sense of promoting motions of a major Russian city.
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A scene allows viewers to rest their eyes a bit more, whereas this film filled with shots does not allow the audience any visual break. This makes he film give off a more frantic vibe.
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The stories that the first directors wished to record might run near half an hour, or in Vertov’s case nearly 70 min.; but, it is known that their cameras could only hold a few minutes worth of film. To solve the problem, they must have shot scenes in short sections, and spliced the separate film strips together.
While we know that the “scenes” in “Man with a Movie Camera” aren’t very long, I believe one could justify the argument of why Ebert refers to “shots,” and not “scenes.”
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Vertov use several shots (edited or not) to compose a scene. A scene can have a series of seemingly random shots for viewers to get a visual appeal, but it is the editor, Elizaveta Svilova who pieces these random shots together to create and change some very important things.
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Ebert refers to them as shots and not scenes because they are shorter and faster compared to regular film scenes. Most scenes in films are much longer and from only a few perspectives. In these shots they are from different set-ups and angles.
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A shot is the angle, and or movement from which the footage is filmed. A scene is duration of action or dialogue that was captured on film, it can be made up of one shot or several shots. This is what separated Vertof from others, he chose to use several shots to tell a scene.
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Surrealism applies when Vertov’s camera works as an human eye that is witnessing the city. The film is not telling a story, but it enables us to picture ourselves in the city with our own stories flashing around. Isn’t it in modern society we all associate ourselves with the surroundings? The film makes me feel that I am participating into a Russian city with Vertov.
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The “alive” camera scene conveys surrealism because camera should be operated by people. When the film shows the camera moving, the film surpasses reality, which creates surrealism.
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I believe Ebert meant that all people could become artists through the democratization of both technology and creativity. Vertov wanted his audiences place themselves in his situation. He is our eyes as directed by human interest and motivation.e. The overwhelming and exciting portrayal of the public life upstages the domestic life through this careful editing, creating a aesthetic transformation of the city.
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Modernism and surrealism refers conformity. These two terms are used to describe a era when doing things to resemble real time and every day life. In the film, Vertov used a different style to invoke a new style of film. The jump cut was used to do this by creating a sense of nuance.
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Intuitively, it is like a shot jumps from a point of time to another later point of time.
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Jump cuts can also be used for showing a reaction of someone whilst another person is talking. Or perhaps to show something going on in one place while a dialogue is happening in another
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The term “jump cuts” has become popular among YouTube producers in recent years. News vloggers use this method to transition between the story and their take, often to humorous effect. Some movie genres don’t necessarily use the humor effect, but rather as an unexpected shocking effect.
Jump cuts haven’t always been used as a good thing. For example, an actor in the middle of a sentence will appear with different hand or body positions from one camera to the next with no middle shot to break continuity. In this case, jump cuts are a bad thing.
What we refer to as jump cuts now are intentional and intended to make up for the single-camera style so many vloggers on YouTube use for their videos.
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Vertov use of jump cuts representing the people of everyday life. Rather than presenting a film as a self-contained story that seamlessly unfold in front of us, Vertov reason of using jump cuts are like utterances that evidentiates both the artificiality and the visualization of telling such a story though image.
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I would divide the film into three parts. The first part focuses on functioning machinery, which represents the development of a country in the middle of being industrialized.
The second part displays many athletic moves, and the camera focuses on human. The slow-motion editing technique emphasizes human spirit. The citizen is the most important element of a city. The shots of athletes deliver the human power of the country.
The third part is the street cars moving forward. It is through out the entire film. The shots of the street cars tell that the city is always lively and moving forward.
The organizing pattern of the shots makes me feel the love of the director towards his city and country. He must really love his city so that he captures daily motions as an work of art because those daily moves are the pulse of the city.
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The organizing pattern of the shots are basically a consistent, and relevant flow of events happening within the film.
It is used to show the gradual rise of events into the climax down to the end of the film, which portrayed how the film came to look at the end.
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I think this filmed is organized in multiple ways. One way that comes to mind is the order of people and objects in which Vertov puts on screen. After watching the film and remembering back on it, the things I remember are: the woman getting out of bed in the beginning, the moving trains/trolleys/cars throughout the film, the crowds, the busy streets, the crowded beach, the various physical games (sports), the mental games (checkers, chess), the ambulance and finally at the end, the camera which seems to move on its own.
After going and listing all of the things I remember, this brings me to another thought that comes to mind when talking about the organization of this film: stream of consciousness. Different shots and scenes are shown with different time lengths, which allow Vertov to give us a constant stream of information. This reminds me of my thoughts, which come one by one, but also all together at once sometimes.
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The film is organized in a way that is seems sporadic. But, these shots are organized to flow like an ordinary film, having an establishing a setting and characters, having a conflict and through to a climax. Then the final shots ending the film to create a familiar ending.
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The process of which this cameraman is capturing this Russian metropolis is simply the work of another Russian resident going about their job. As we see the job of the coal miners, traffic cops and switchboard operators, the cameraman’s job is to capture them doing their job. In filming the cameraman in his unique predicaments, Vertov is simply making a point that he and the cameraman are simply doing their job, making them as much a part of the city, and a character, as any other person filmed within the movie.
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A metropolis absorbs its residents, so when he is recording the city, he himself is recorded at the same time by the city (or the city’s residents). The cameraman is not a character. He represents a part of the soul of the city.
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Perhaps he does not consider him a character because he does not need any direction, and was not trying to portray anyone other than himself doing his only job, as a cameraman filming a city that he is a citizen of.
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The camera is a machine much similar to other machines like binoculars or telescopes. They both have are a lens, tripods, lens adjustments, power buttons, and USB ports. A camera differs from other machinery because it is one of the few machines that can capture visual ongoing action.
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The camera differs from other machines in that other machines are elements within the reality, but a camera is the tool that captures the reality.
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The technological advances of that time were not not a big impact as today. The camera shows how production, machines, and people enjoyment fascination never stop. There is always this sense of progress. The camera shows that there is always two sides to every part of life, whether it showing fiction or reality.
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The shots are conjoined together to represent the goings-on of living in a Russian city. It shows people traveling, working and playing as well as capturing some of the mechanisms of the inanimate machines that keeps it going. People and machinery are the major subjects of the movie because they both keep the city going as well as give it a personality, something I think Vertov wanted to represent.
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The editing makes me feel like watching “surreality” since the visual effect of the images projected is reinforced. The editing tells me that certain reality, such as the self-moving camera, is created rather than merely represented.
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All documentary films have an idea they want to convey; I think Vertov’s idea is to show actuality. His film is titled “Man with a Movie Camera.” In this film, a man shoots with a camera. He chooses different scenes and settings. The audience watches this man film. Then the audience sees the film. And a woman cutting and editing the film. The audience also sees another audience watching the produced film.
In the review, Ebert mentions how other artists shocked the world with the pieces they created. That is what Vertov does by showing the production stages of his film. A movie does not show actuality, but acting, and Vertov goes against the movie norm by creating this film.
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and for many different reasons.
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After the frames are shot you conceptualize them and format them in the sequence that most fitting, to deliver the message the producer is trying to convey.
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After the frames, people translate them with their personal associations. “24 frames per second” are 24 chances that elicit imagination of the world that films present.
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“What you do after your frames that make it cinema” conveys the message that good cinema has the power to change people’s live whether in a minuscule way, or in a revolutionary way. In this case, it was the starting point to films being made the way this one was, at least in terms of ASL, and anyone could take messages sent in any film and translate that into their own lives.
This is why people enjoy cinema in the first place, to escape their own problems and to emerge in the wanderlust of others.
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i do think it is always to escape. It doesn’t necessarily mean escaping from a bad reality. Stephen King also said that people enjoy sick horror films because it pleases a part of their subconscious that society teaches us to extinguish, or at least conceal.
When people go see movies, it is because they are interested in someone else’s idea of an alternate reality, thus momentarily escaping their own.
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The question is after you capture something that captures reality what can you do to show what your idea of reality to others in its documentation of common human experience.
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There are many actions repeated on screen for several times, and the music follows closely with the repeated action by playing the same note, which creates a motif.
I really enjoyed watching the film. It is a masterpiece. However, I imagine the film will be hard to watch without the accompany of the musical score. At some point I even thought the shots were supplementary to the music score.
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If silent films didn’t have music scores, which some don’t, it would be easy to get bored. Only one sense, sight, would be stimulated. Having a music score not only will also give the audience something to listen to to keep their attention, but will make the film more interesting and emotional. People usually have emotional responses to music, therefore having the music playing would tap into that side of them. Also music can help make a scene more intense, sad, scary, happy – whatever the scene is trying to portray. With music the meaning of the scene or shot can be made much more apparent and enjoyable.
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Music and/or sound can single handily change the entire atmosphere of a film. From creepy to spooky music setting a ton in scary movies, to how the sound of lasers screams sci-fi films. Sound changes the feel of a film.
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The presence of sound and music makes time pass more quickly in the movie, making it less boring and more enjoyable because music is inherently arousing or it can be distracting. Sometimes a sound or music seems to be out of context of a scene/shot, but it could be a design choose to help understand the situation surrounding the scene.
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The musical score can help the audience understand the film better, it can intensify a scene and set the tone. It can almost serve as guide to the viewer.
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Like we discussed in class today, different mediums evoke different responses. A film is viewed, while a score is heard.
A musical score tells a story on its own. By adding a score to a film, a score heightens the experience because the audience is able to hear a story, while seeing it on screen. Different aspects of music create an array of emotional response from the listener. (For example, high pitched staccato notes build the feeling of being in a hurry or rushing.)
Also, one’s experience can change if a movie is played with two different scores. I originally watched this movie on YouTube with a different score. With the in-class viewing, I felt that the score was more invasive because my emotional reactions were stronger.
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