Review of Triumph of the Will
The following film notes were prepared for the New York State Writers Institute by Kevin Jack Hagopian, Senior Lecturer in Media Studies at Pennsylvania State University:
It is an eerie film, perhaps a masterpiece if the documentarist's art, certainly a sinister endorsement of a doctrine of mass murder. But is it a war crime?
Leni Riefenstahl was the golden girl of the German film industry. She had starred in a series of mystical, location-shot adventure films in the 1920's and early 1930's, directed and written by Arnold Fanck, a uniquely German genre called the "mountain film." On screen, Riefenstahl was beautiful, strong, and self-confident, and she projected these qualities off-screen, as well. In an age before women commonly directed large commercial film projects, Riefenstahl's assignment to direct The Blue Light in 1932 made her more than a curiosity; her cinematic style was, in the term film theorists of the day like Rudolph Arnheim used, "plastic": she saw the medium as a unique form of expression, not merely a manner for transferring ideas and plots from the theatre or literature. Her camera moved, and she understood, at a deep level, the mysterious power of the cinematic spectacle of movement, sound, and mise-en-scene to captivate audiences. Her work on the mountain films had been part of a pinnacle for the German film industry, when the expressionist masterworks of Fritz Lang (Metropolis) and F. W. Murnau (The Last Laugh) had made the German industry the envy of the world critical establishment for its command of these qualities, demonstrated in a hundred or more films made between 1919 and 1932.
posterBut when the German film industry emptied itself of its great talents in the wake of the advent of Adolph Hitler in 1933, Riefenstahl refused to join the river of cinematic refugees to France, England, and the U.S.. She would forever after claim to be "apolitical," but her first meeting with Adolph Hitler, in 1932, was propitious. Hitler was an admirer of The Blue Light, and presciently recognized the power of the cinema as a mass persuasion instrument. Riefenstahl made a short film about the 1933 Nazi party rallies in Nuremberg; though she had only a few days to prepare before the event, the film, released as "Victory of Faith," was an ambitious and aesthetically advanced film. Now, with considerably more time to plan, Riefenstahl took over the planning of a film about the 1934 rally originally begun by documentarian Walter Ruttmann. What Ruttmann had planned as an explicitly rhetorical film, Riefenstahl saw as a cinematic paean to the race mythologies of Nazism, expressed through the geometry of its mass rituals and the solitary figure of its strange, strutting god, Adolph Hitler. Although it was long alleged that Riefenstahl had a hand in planning the massive rallies themselves, helping to design their staging so that the event would be more photogenic, Hitler's minister of the interior and court architect Albert Speer denied this many years later; the striking Art Deco blockiness of the outdoor rallies, with their searchlights turned upward like pillars of fire, was his own, and the only major concession to Riefenstahl's crew was the provision of a huge elevator that allowed for her spectacular crane shots.
Speer's protests don't dim the film's remarkable use of the medium, or the clear internal evidence that the rallies were designed as much to be looked at as to be marched in. Riefenstahl's film privileges the film viewer with an impossible, perfect view of the proceedings; in a weird, disconcerting way, we ordinary film viewers become, for the running time of the film, the protagonist of Nazism, in the same way that Hitler skillfully gave ordinary Germans a feeling of command over history and politics. Indeed, while film analysts often (justifiably) note the orchestrated editing and vast, abstract human landscapes of the outdoor sequences, Riefenstahl invests considerable weight in Hitler himself. The scenes of his climactic speech to the multitudes in the indoor party hall, interminable as discourse, become mesmerizing as political theater, as Hitler calculates every gesture, expression, and intonation as a facet of a screen character, "Hitler, leader of his people." One moment he is expansive, laughing and joking with his people, the next, he is abstracted, so lost in the deep responsibilities of leadership that he seems not to be able to hear the ecstatic applause as he looks over his notes. Hitler's moves, every one of them, whether bellicose or bathetic, are designed to elicit a Pavlovian response from the crowd, and, with the help of Riefenstahl's editing, they do. It is intriguing to wonder if some of the postwar era's genocidal dictators, Hussein, Amin, and others, borrowed some of their moves from Hitler. This is the cult of personality raised to a kind of rapture: from the first minutes of the opening stanza of the film, when Hitler descends from the clouds, transubstantiated from some Teutonic heaven to the earthly precincts of Nuremberg, he is both in the world and out of it, the seething godhead of a demonic political religion. That the world did not take him seriously, or judge him against a less relative standard of morality - in the year after Triumph of the Will's release, Hitler as named Time magazine's "man of the Year" - is no fault of Leni Riefenstahl's, for the Hitler she gives us is plainly a weapon of mass destruction.
When director Frank Capra was commissioned by the U.S. government to make what became the Why We Fight series of propaganda films in World War II, he screened a copy of Triumph of the Will which had been seized by the U.S. Customs office. When he subjected the film to close analysis, what he saw startled him: the ability of his own films to recruit and direct mass emotions for fictional purposes could be just as easily turned to political, even violent purposes. Susan Sontag called her far-reaching essay in the film "Fascinating Fascism," and the term is incisive. In part to Triumph of the Will, we owe terrifying confirmation of our now axiomatic belief in the dangerous power of the media. It is a spectacle from which we seek to turn away, but from which we cannot - and should not.
Triumph of the Will, like The Birth of a Nation, presents the great conundrum of art: can art be both morally reprehensible, and yet "great"? Riefenstahl was imprisoned by the Allies after the war, and then released, partly because no one could figure out if a film could be an instrument of war. Riefenstahl was adamant; she had been concerned with matters of form, not politics. But she was never to be rehabilitated by the German film industry, and in her later years, she developed an astonishing second career as photographer; her underwater photography, and her often disturbing portraits of the Nuba tribe have the same sort of formal clarity as Triumph of the Will, and its sister, the great sports film Olympia. Shortly before her death at the age of 100, Ray Miller's documentary The Wonderful, Horrible Life of Leni Riefenstahl brought the deep paradox of Riefenstahl back to screen center, as well as her obliviousness to the consequences of artistic work in the service of a politically psychotic regime. Another documentary, also of another old woman of the Nazi years, Blind Spot, offered a far more anguished portrait of regret and self-analysis, that of Hitler's secretary, Traudl Junge. Riefenstahl imagined that she could will away her complicity in madness, while Junge, in the last months of her life, sought to know herself better through analysis of that complicity. For Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will is troubled testament to a life where art and politics mingled in an ethical Gordian knot of profound meaning for everyone who sees her work.
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Propaganda is usually, if not always, related to biased information. The fact that Riefenstahl’s cinematic style was perceived as being “plastic.” It’s is understood that plastic means that something has been altered to look a certain way, and maybe that’s why it is important to know who she was as a director in order to understand that Triumph of the Will is pure propaganda.
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“Plastic” was used to describe
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We can also use photoshop today to alter an image or a picture. We can even create landscapes that doesn’t exist. I believe that’s what he meant by saying that she used a plastic style. She altered the picture or moving image, and created something that was only seen in moldings or sculptures.
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People who watch the film now or back then might have negative things to say about Riefenstahl for how she portrayed Hitler and the Nazi power, however that was just a testimony to her work, not her feelings of Hitler or the party.
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However, when I read Riefenstahl was imprisoned by the Allies after the war, and then released, partly because no one could figure out if a film could be an instrument of war. Riefenstahl was adamant; she had been concerned with matters of form, not politics, so we are not sure what her feelings towards the party, from reading this article. Which is why I think Hagopian started with her background, so the reader/viewer does not dislike Riefenstahl for making a very good propaganda film for the Nazi party. He wants the reader/viewer to she her as the “golden girl” of the film industry who brought a new style to the cinema industry.
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Which is why I think the author of this article did not tell the readers of Riefenstahl’s feelings on the Nazi power, because the author wanted the readers to see her more as a film maker rather than a Nazi who happens to be a director.
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Triumph of the Will has a strong German nationality sense with the absolute focus on Adolf Hitler. The film speaks to me as a powerful piece of propaganda, so while I was watching it for the first time, I was too attracted by what is shown in the film rather than how the film is shown. Given the fact that the film content is very appealing to us future generations, the background information about Riefenstahl reminds me to appreciate the film from a documentary perspective. It also emphasizes feminine power as I am impressed that the director is a female.
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Her influence and style of filming inspire young German filmmakers to express their ideas rather than devolve ideas from existing artists.
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Riefenstahl created a cinema which transfigures real life while apparently recording it;which is essentially avant-garde while allegedly conventional.
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The information on Leni Riefenstahl contributes to an understanding of Triumph of the Will because of the style of the movie. The different types of angles and shots that are compiled together to produce expression. The term “plastic” is used to describe that film can be made into any idea and c an portray them in any way. There is no mold, the use of sound, movement and scenery is flexible.
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It gives me a better understanding of where she came from. She started out starring in films. So I am assuming that her passion for film starting during that time.
Also the fact that she is a woman is interesting, especially since literally every scene in this film is overruled by men. Adding beautiful, strong, and self-confident seems to match her role as a filmmaker in Triumph of the Will.
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The way the German people looked up to Hitler in the film amazed me. They did not need to explain to me in words how convinced they were by their leader. Their eyes were telling me their inner voice. Especially the children because children cannot easily fake behaviors and emotions in front of the camera. The jump shots between Hitler’s speech and the audiences’ reaction is the most motivating element out of the mass ritual sequences.
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Hitler in 1934 was a figure of some doubt and controversy, but generally perceived throughout Europe as a uprising leader and in Germany as the restorer of national pride, the rejuvenatory of the economy, the architect of an effective government.
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In putting me amongst the crowds of spectators and also giving me crane views of the NSP’s gatherings, it thoroughly showcased the discipline, organization and unity of the NSP of Germany. Also, more surprisingly, the way Hitler’s speeches are shot helped me kind of understand why the German people decided to follow that psychopath in the first place. Yes he was a horrid person, but he had a certain demeanor, presence and speak that screamed leadership and knowhow. The way he delivers his speeches (both in his words and his body language) was extremely powerful and somewhat mesmerizing.
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I admire Hitler. And I know it is taboo to praise such an evil man, but no one can take away how great of a leader he was. I admire Hitler because of his ability to lead people. I got goose bumps while watching his speech.
I didn’t necessarily perceive the film as propaganda. It had a very compelling structure and the speeches were very powerful. I sort of felt like I was a part of it, and I could see myself root for him. I got carried away, and I’m a little ashamed of admitting that. In hindsight I would never have been rooting or believed a single word that was said. This film is very powerful and very frightening.
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I admire his ability to lead, not him as a person. One could argue that people had to obey him if they valued their lives, but the fact that he had people right where he wanted, is – to me – a sign of great leadership, but the worst kind of leadership, of course. One should not fear for his/her life.
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I was put in the POV of someone who believed in Hitler- which really played with my mindset. This film was created during Hitler’s rule; years later, knowing what Hitler did, I went into the film with certain notions and beliefs about Hitler and the Nazi Party, but the film was still able to challenge those things.
I found myself thinking that they were efficient and organized. He directs a lot of his messages towards the youth and speaks to them not as children, but as powerful, independent human beings. As a young adult watching this, I understand why Hitler’s words are convincing.
Watching this film now makes me ponder whether or not I would have followed him if I was a young person in Germany during that time… And that is frightening.
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Now I am not saying that I believe in anything that Hitler or the Nazi party stood for, all that I am is saying is that from watching the film I can see how persuasive and passionate he was about his cause, and why people ended up supporting him.
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He had to be pretty persuasive to get these people to follow him.
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However, contemporary generations have a more objective perspective towards what happened during that time. I was impressed by Hitler’s persona and his leadership influence on his German people, but I cannot help thinking he is forcing his people with his ideology.
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The camera angles throughout the film are pivotal to the audience’s reaction. Riefenstahl makes you feel like you are standing in the crowd being lectured by Hitler’s deranged ideologies. Hitler as we all know was an evil man, with that being said he was a great speaker. Just by watching this film, you could see the crowd’s reaction to his speeches, not only is he stern and rigorous but he has the audience completely captivated.
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how people could follow such a confident, charismatic person at a time when Germans didn’t have much else. There were moments where I had to snap out of his allure and realize all of the atrocities that occurred during and were related to his time in power.
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A Pavlovian response is a form of conditioning, or association of one thing with another. Pavlov is known for his experiments with dogs. Usually, dogs would get excited and salivate at food itself. In Pavlov’s experiment, Pavlov rang a bell, and then fed the dogs. Eventually, the dogs would just become excited by the ringing of the bell, not by the sight/smell of the food. The dogs had been conditioned to expect that one thing came with another; in this case, the ringing bell came with food.
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The Pavlovian response is exemplified throughout the entirety of this film. Hitler raises his hand, everyone else raises their hand. Hitler speaks in front of the crowd, and the crowd screeches back.
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Hitler’s speech elicits the audience’s emotional stimulus by saying that they are the power and future of Germany, so the crowd follows him and admire him without a valid reason.
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Transubstantiation is when a substance is, metaphorically, converted into another substance. An example would be how the Catholic church considers bread and wine to be the body and blood of Christ, respectively. In the context of the passage, Hitler was basically considered a God by the German people. Obviously, he wasn’t actually a God, but he was so renown that people actually considered him to be a mighty deity. The movie’s opening scene, where he descends from the clouds is representative of him descending from heaven. The movie transubstantiates his being, in representation of the German’s belief that he was their savior/god.
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This sounds a lot like Fidel Castro being “transubstantiated” in Cuba.
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The word is perfect for the sequence because Hitler is landing from a plane. So “transubstantiated” has a literal meaning that is describing his action, but more importantly it has an implied meaning telling that Hitler is seen as the lord of the country.
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Its ancient heroism through the medium of one man, Adolf Hitler, the savior. A example of this is at the beginning of the film with scenes which indicate Hitler’s arrival to the rally and the sequence consist of several aspect of dramatization. It shows the sky, then modern
architecture, marching, masses from Hitler’s point of view from the plane. The following scenes see Hitler exiting from the plane as the nation waits for him with sheer anticipation and enthusiasm.
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There are many different things that come to mind when I hear this statement.
The first is ‘seeing is believing.’ A lot of media allows an individual to see whatever it is. In this case, the audience views clips of Hitler and his followers. Even though the film portrays a certain view, it is still a view that is physically in front of us. Because it is physically there, it is an actual event.
Another thing I think of is the idea that media keeps the masses stupid. Media is a form of entertainment. It captures our attention, and many times, keeps us from thinking too much into things. That being said, when media is persuasive, many are quick to accept that view. That can lead to mass belief, which in turn creates a pressure for everyone to believe in the same view.
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It is how the population can be easily persuaded by it. This film being an example, if it wasn’t something that could’ve moved the masses then the Allies wouldn’t have arrested Riefenstahl for it. Hitler himself recognized the power of cinema (form of media) as an instrument of mass persuasion. Persuasion and Hitler go hand in hand, this is something I believe was one of the main characteristics he mastered, and ultimately gave him the power that he yearned.
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It is never devoid of opinion and therefore always intended to persuade. The manner in which the argument is presented can vary—from obvious to subliminal—and is usually posed as “the whole story,” rather than acknowledging that whatever being reported only reflects one facet of reality, and therefor cannot entirely be “fact.” It is difficult to sort through the vast amount of information to determine the “truth,” especially when the first article you read or documentary you watch seems so convincingly TRUE. It is far easier to believe what you first hear/see—or even what you hear/see most frequently—which is often exactly what people do. So, while the media unarguably has great access to the power of persuading the general public, this power can be used both to increase knowledge and exacerbate ignorance (and the line between knowledge and ignorance when referring to information from the media is becoming increasingly blurred).
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Triumph of the Will is a powerful propaganda of Nazi Germany and the controversial leader Hitler. The author is using the word “dangerous” to describe the “power of the media” because the participatory power of documentary film can influence our believe of what is true and what is right. When the crowd in the film believes in Hitler in their heart, I almost thought that was the right thing to do. The shots present Hitler as a dedicated leader to his country. The power of the media is that media expand the film’s argument to a broader audience.
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Media is a powerful influence on the public. The media can project emotional feelings, thoughts and opinions on to the viewer. Film is a form of media and can used to portray a positive message for the greater good or to convey a revolt and rebellion in the public. During the war they gained the trust of the people, through propaganda, to join the war willingly. This same tactic could backfire.
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The power of the media allowed Leni Riefenstahi to go from a film star to a filmmaker. The media is powerful and allows viewers to become present in a world that is not tangible.
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If the US was launching a Why We Fight propaganda campaign, I’m sure they said a lot of negative things about Hitler and Nazi Germany. I believe this is a case of actions speak louder than words – the US can say what they want about Germany but it is having the people really experience Hitler firsthand that will bring a real reaction. Screening Triumph of the Will puts the people of the US in Germany, experiencing Hitler as close to first hand as possible, which makes the US views of Hitler more genuine and easier for the people to stand behind. Without the power of the media during that time, the US citizens would have to rely solely on the word of the US government, which may not have elicited such a powerful response.
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way Hitler was able to captivate and win-over so many people. His use of the media was brilliant in the sense that he was able to completely spin the actual occurrences into a seemingly positive, nationalistic effort. I think Hitler’s propaganda was the first time we were able to think in a modern way about how powerful the media is and how it can be used to extreme good and extreme bad.
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With Triumph of the Will, the instruments of communication are in most cases the mass media but also include such things as views, ideas , influences and other techniques of interpersonal communication between Hitler, the audience and the viewers.
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We’re not sure, which is why when she said that quote, I felt she wanted people to look past the politics of film and focus more on her filmmaking.
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Although she was never rehabilitated by the German film industry, perhaps she wanted people to look past the Nazi side of her and just wanted them to focus on her art.
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The film captures the moments of Nazi Germany that have great value for storing history for the future. She is successful as a documentary director. However, the topic she worked on could not escape from politics. The way she dealt with the camera angle gave Hitler a sense of superiority, so on the other hand, I think she was part of the Hitler’s publicity as well.
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However, given the political views at that time and throughout the following years, Triumph Of The Will can be seen to symbolize the Nazi ethos of the time. Riefenstahl was an artist whose personal preoccupations were primarily artistic and technical, not political, but that her films were used by Hitler and the Nazi party for their own political gains.
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The legend of the Gordian Knot involves a knot that was so tangled up, that nobody could untangle it. Alexander the Great eventually did, but only by taking his sword and cutting the knot in half. An ethical Gordian Knot is a interlocking of opposing morals and principles about a specific subject matter. Each one has their merits and shortcomings, and because of this there’s no right or wrong viewpoint. Because their is no right or wrong (i.e. no correct answer) the “knot” cannot be undone. The ethics behind Riefenstahl’s reasons for making this movie are extremely debatable, making it an ethical Gordian knot.
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We cannot judge a film is right or wrong as there is no right or wrong answer to an ethical Gordian knot. Even though I see this film as a publicity tool for Hitler, we cannot say the film is wrong or bad. When a film directly speaks about politics, it is hardly a pure documentary anymore. The “profound meaning” that the author points out is that the film leaves people to judge with their own opinions.
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The Gordian knot wanted films not to focus on morals and facts but suggest their is not right or wrong side on a subject. This links directly with the endless debate on wither Riefenstahl perceived notion of propaganda as the systematic attempt to manipulate the attitudes of others or she simply making a work of art for her of benefit.
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